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.On the other hand, working conditions were very hard, laborunions were suppressed, and the company maintained a paternalisticapproach.It also applied U.S.patterns of racial segregation in largeparts of the territory it controlled.In Guatemala in particular, UnitedFruit was a major influence in national politics, able to call on theU.S.government to defend its interests.This culminated in 1954with the U.S.-backed coup against President Jacobo Arbenz.Thecompany passed into different ownership in the 1970s and ceased tobe involved in such interventionist practices.See also ZEMURRAY,SAMUEL.UNITED NATIONS (UN).During World War II, on the basis of theUnited Nations Declaration of 1 January 1942, the Allied powerswere often referred to as the United Nations.It was subsequently ad-opted as the name for the new international organization that replacedthe League of Nations.The UN was officially founded at the SanFrancisco Conference of April 1945.To qualify as a founding mem-ber, a state had to have subscribed to the declaration, and thereforehave been a belligerent in the war.The dominant wartime alliance UNITED NATIONS CHARTER " 353of U.S.President Franklin D.Roosevelt, Prime Minister WinstonChurchill of Great Britain, and Premier Josef Stalin of the Unionof Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was enshrined at the heart ofthe UN in the permanent members of the Security Council (GreatBritain, United States, Soviet Union, China, France) and their vetopowers.This was also essentially an enactment of Roosevelt s fourpolicemen concept.The UN includes a General Assembly, whereeach member state has one vote, and the Security Council, containingthe permanent members and rotating membership from among theother member states.The secretary general to the council emergedas the de facto chief executive and is customarily selected from aminor state.The UN set up its headquarters in New York, though some ofthe agencies that it inherited from the defunct League of Nationsremained in Geneva.In contrast to the League, the United Nationswas given the power to raise armed forces from among its members.It was hoped that this, and the membership of all the great powers,would make the UN a more effective guarantor of peace.This rested,as Roosevelt understood, on agreement between the great powers,but tensions between the victorious allies would render the UN in-capable of fulfilling this ambitious goal.See also DUMBARTONOAKS CONFERENCE; HOT SPRINGS CONFERENCE; INTER-NATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION; UNITED NATIONSCHARTER; UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND REHABILITA-TION ADMINISTRATION; WORLD BANK.UNITED NATIONS CHARTER.The United Nations Charter is thefounding document of the United Nations (UN).It was signed at theSan Francisco Conference on 26 June 1945 by 50 countries.These,together with Poland, which signed later, were the founding membersof the UN.It came into force on 24 October 1945 when ratified by thefive permanent members of the Security Council: the United States,Great Britain, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR),France, and China, together with a majority of other members.All members of the UN are bound by the articles of the charter,and the document specifies that its provisions have precedence overall other treaties.The charter sets out the purpose of the organization:principally the maintenance of peace and international security.It 354 " UNITED NATIONS DECLARATIONdescribes the institutions of the UN and their powers and responsi-bilities, including the UN Economic and Social Council, the Interna-tional Court of Justice (which replaced the World Court), and theTrusteeship Council.The charter invests the Security Council withpower to authorize economic, military, and diplomatic sanctions, andto raise military forces.Article 51 permits the formation of regionalsecurity arrangements.See also INTERNATIONAL LABOURORGANIZATION; LEAGUE OF NATIONS; UNITED NATIONSRELIEF AND REHABILITATION ADMINISTRATION.UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION.On 1 January 1942, theUnited States, Great Britain, China, and the Union of Soviet So-cialist Republics issued the United Nations Declaration, which waseventually signed by 22 other nations.This was the formal basis forthe Allied coalition against the Axis powers in World War II.Beingmultilateral and very generalized in its terms, it satisfied continuingU.S.antipathies toward formal bilateral alliances.The declarationwas very simple, pledging signatories not to make a separate peacewith those Axis powers with which they were at war (but not com-mitting them to any action against those with whom they were not atwar), and to make such contributions to victory as were appropriateto their means.As far as war aims were concerned, reference wasmade to the Atlantic Charter.From this point, the Allies calledthemselves the United Nations, a phrase coined by PresidentFranklin D.Roosevelt, but to distinguish their alliance from the laterUnited Nations organization, they are customarily called the Al-lies [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.On the other hand, working conditions were very hard, laborunions were suppressed, and the company maintained a paternalisticapproach.It also applied U.S.patterns of racial segregation in largeparts of the territory it controlled.In Guatemala in particular, UnitedFruit was a major influence in national politics, able to call on theU.S.government to defend its interests.This culminated in 1954with the U.S.-backed coup against President Jacobo Arbenz.Thecompany passed into different ownership in the 1970s and ceased tobe involved in such interventionist practices.See also ZEMURRAY,SAMUEL.UNITED NATIONS (UN).During World War II, on the basis of theUnited Nations Declaration of 1 January 1942, the Allied powerswere often referred to as the United Nations.It was subsequently ad-opted as the name for the new international organization that replacedthe League of Nations.The UN was officially founded at the SanFrancisco Conference of April 1945.To qualify as a founding mem-ber, a state had to have subscribed to the declaration, and thereforehave been a belligerent in the war.The dominant wartime alliance UNITED NATIONS CHARTER " 353of U.S.President Franklin D.Roosevelt, Prime Minister WinstonChurchill of Great Britain, and Premier Josef Stalin of the Unionof Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was enshrined at the heart ofthe UN in the permanent members of the Security Council (GreatBritain, United States, Soviet Union, China, France) and their vetopowers.This was also essentially an enactment of Roosevelt s fourpolicemen concept.The UN includes a General Assembly, whereeach member state has one vote, and the Security Council, containingthe permanent members and rotating membership from among theother member states.The secretary general to the council emergedas the de facto chief executive and is customarily selected from aminor state.The UN set up its headquarters in New York, though some ofthe agencies that it inherited from the defunct League of Nationsremained in Geneva.In contrast to the League, the United Nationswas given the power to raise armed forces from among its members.It was hoped that this, and the membership of all the great powers,would make the UN a more effective guarantor of peace.This rested,as Roosevelt understood, on agreement between the great powers,but tensions between the victorious allies would render the UN in-capable of fulfilling this ambitious goal.See also DUMBARTONOAKS CONFERENCE; HOT SPRINGS CONFERENCE; INTER-NATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION; UNITED NATIONSCHARTER; UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND REHABILITA-TION ADMINISTRATION; WORLD BANK.UNITED NATIONS CHARTER.The United Nations Charter is thefounding document of the United Nations (UN).It was signed at theSan Francisco Conference on 26 June 1945 by 50 countries.These,together with Poland, which signed later, were the founding membersof the UN.It came into force on 24 October 1945 when ratified by thefive permanent members of the Security Council: the United States,Great Britain, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR),France, and China, together with a majority of other members.All members of the UN are bound by the articles of the charter,and the document specifies that its provisions have precedence overall other treaties.The charter sets out the purpose of the organization:principally the maintenance of peace and international security.It 354 " UNITED NATIONS DECLARATIONdescribes the institutions of the UN and their powers and responsi-bilities, including the UN Economic and Social Council, the Interna-tional Court of Justice (which replaced the World Court), and theTrusteeship Council.The charter invests the Security Council withpower to authorize economic, military, and diplomatic sanctions, andto raise military forces.Article 51 permits the formation of regionalsecurity arrangements.See also INTERNATIONAL LABOURORGANIZATION; LEAGUE OF NATIONS; UNITED NATIONSRELIEF AND REHABILITATION ADMINISTRATION.UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION.On 1 January 1942, theUnited States, Great Britain, China, and the Union of Soviet So-cialist Republics issued the United Nations Declaration, which waseventually signed by 22 other nations.This was the formal basis forthe Allied coalition against the Axis powers in World War II.Beingmultilateral and very generalized in its terms, it satisfied continuingU.S.antipathies toward formal bilateral alliances.The declarationwas very simple, pledging signatories not to make a separate peacewith those Axis powers with which they were at war (but not com-mitting them to any action against those with whom they were not atwar), and to make such contributions to victory as were appropriateto their means.As far as war aims were concerned, reference wasmade to the Atlantic Charter.From this point, the Allies calledthemselves the United Nations, a phrase coined by PresidentFranklin D.Roosevelt, but to distinguish their alliance from the laterUnited Nations organization, they are customarily called the Al-lies [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]