[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.S.presidents.WINTHROP, JOHN (1588 1649).Born in Groton, Suffolk, in Eng-land, John Winthrop was a Puritan lawyer, persecuted for his reli-gious beliefs, who led a migration on the ship Arbella in 1630.InLondon, Winthrop had been elected the first governor of the Massa-chusetts Bay Colony and embarked on the journey with the companycharter in hand.The fleet of 11 ships containing approximately 350colonists led by the Arbella, arrived in Salem, Massachusetts, inJune 1630 and the migrants later settled in Boston.Winthrop is mostfamous for a sermon he wrote onboard the Arbella.In A Model ofChristian Charity, Winthrop called for the new community to be amodel of Protestant Christianity, as a city upon a hill and acknowl-edged that the eyes of all people are upon us. 08_717_02_Dictionary.qxd 2/3/09 9:08 AM Page 241WORLD WAR I " 241WOOLWORTHS.In 1879, Frank W.Woolworth established his firstfive-and-dime discount store in the United States.Becoming a majorretail chain by the early 20th century, the main features of Wool-worths stores were the fixed prices and off-the-shelf availability of arange of goods from food to toys.Woolworths opened its first Britishstore on 5 November 1909 in Liverpool, with an upper price limit ofsix pence. Woolies, as the store became known, was one of the firstAmerican chain stores to be successful in Great Britain, opening hun-dreds of stores and becoming a feature of most city high streets andshopping centers.WORLD WAR I (1914 1918).When war broke out in Europe in July1914 after Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia, triggering the al-liance system that led Great Britain to declare war against Germanyon 4 August, the United States proclaimed its neutrality.The TripleAlliance (Central powers) of Germany, Austria Hungary, and Italyfaced the Triple Entente (Allied powers) of Britain, France, and Rus-sia.For almost three years the administration of Woodrow Wilsonkept the United States out of the war despite pressure from Britain toget involved.Over that period, however, several factors impededstrict neutrality on America s part.Not only did ethnic groups in theUnited States take sides, but Anglo American rapprochement at theturn of the century also meant that key members of the Wilson ad-ministration including the president, his adviser Edward House,his secretary of state Robert Lansing, and U.S.Ambassador to BritainWalter Hines Page were anti-German in sentiment and conse-quently veered toward supporting the Allied nations.Despite feelingmoral outrage at British trench warfare and being critical of all em-pires, the president was well aware of the economic ties the UnitedStates had with Britain and felt that his own internationalist princi-ples of democracy, self-determination, and free trade stood morechance of acceptance if the British and Allied nations were not de-feated.By 1915, American neutrality favored the Allies, not least be-cause, although the United States continued to trade with all bel-ligerent nations, Britain benefited the most from this due to itsdominance on the high seas.Britain was also tied to the United Statesfinancially, as the country began to receive American loans in Octo-ber 1915 from the House of Morgan and by the end of the war hadborrowed $3.7 billion. 08_717_02_Dictionary.qxd 2/3/09 9:08 AM Page 242242 " WORLD WAR IDetermined not to enter the war, Wilson attempted to mediate thewar and on 22 February 1916 the House Grey memorandum waspresented to the British government of Prime Minister HerbertAsquith.It argued that in the president s opinion it was time to holda conference to put an end to the war and suggested that the UnitedStates would probably enter the war against Germany should the Al-lies agree to the proposal but Germany refused.Troubled by the in-clusion of the word probably and feeling more could be gained bya military victory, the British did not respond.Although the United States argued that its neutrality ensured thefreedom of seas, this was not accepted by either Germany or Britain,as both wished to strangle the other s economy.U.S.vessels weresoon subjected to search and seizure of war goods [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
zanotowane.pl doc.pisz.pl pdf.pisz.pl centka.pev.pl
.S.presidents.WINTHROP, JOHN (1588 1649).Born in Groton, Suffolk, in Eng-land, John Winthrop was a Puritan lawyer, persecuted for his reli-gious beliefs, who led a migration on the ship Arbella in 1630.InLondon, Winthrop had been elected the first governor of the Massa-chusetts Bay Colony and embarked on the journey with the companycharter in hand.The fleet of 11 ships containing approximately 350colonists led by the Arbella, arrived in Salem, Massachusetts, inJune 1630 and the migrants later settled in Boston.Winthrop is mostfamous for a sermon he wrote onboard the Arbella.In A Model ofChristian Charity, Winthrop called for the new community to be amodel of Protestant Christianity, as a city upon a hill and acknowl-edged that the eyes of all people are upon us. 08_717_02_Dictionary.qxd 2/3/09 9:08 AM Page 241WORLD WAR I " 241WOOLWORTHS.In 1879, Frank W.Woolworth established his firstfive-and-dime discount store in the United States.Becoming a majorretail chain by the early 20th century, the main features of Wool-worths stores were the fixed prices and off-the-shelf availability of arange of goods from food to toys.Woolworths opened its first Britishstore on 5 November 1909 in Liverpool, with an upper price limit ofsix pence. Woolies, as the store became known, was one of the firstAmerican chain stores to be successful in Great Britain, opening hun-dreds of stores and becoming a feature of most city high streets andshopping centers.WORLD WAR I (1914 1918).When war broke out in Europe in July1914 after Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia, triggering the al-liance system that led Great Britain to declare war against Germanyon 4 August, the United States proclaimed its neutrality.The TripleAlliance (Central powers) of Germany, Austria Hungary, and Italyfaced the Triple Entente (Allied powers) of Britain, France, and Rus-sia.For almost three years the administration of Woodrow Wilsonkept the United States out of the war despite pressure from Britain toget involved.Over that period, however, several factors impededstrict neutrality on America s part.Not only did ethnic groups in theUnited States take sides, but Anglo American rapprochement at theturn of the century also meant that key members of the Wilson ad-ministration including the president, his adviser Edward House,his secretary of state Robert Lansing, and U.S.Ambassador to BritainWalter Hines Page were anti-German in sentiment and conse-quently veered toward supporting the Allied nations.Despite feelingmoral outrage at British trench warfare and being critical of all em-pires, the president was well aware of the economic ties the UnitedStates had with Britain and felt that his own internationalist princi-ples of democracy, self-determination, and free trade stood morechance of acceptance if the British and Allied nations were not de-feated.By 1915, American neutrality favored the Allies, not least be-cause, although the United States continued to trade with all bel-ligerent nations, Britain benefited the most from this due to itsdominance on the high seas.Britain was also tied to the United Statesfinancially, as the country began to receive American loans in Octo-ber 1915 from the House of Morgan and by the end of the war hadborrowed $3.7 billion. 08_717_02_Dictionary.qxd 2/3/09 9:08 AM Page 242242 " WORLD WAR IDetermined not to enter the war, Wilson attempted to mediate thewar and on 22 February 1916 the House Grey memorandum waspresented to the British government of Prime Minister HerbertAsquith.It argued that in the president s opinion it was time to holda conference to put an end to the war and suggested that the UnitedStates would probably enter the war against Germany should the Al-lies agree to the proposal but Germany refused.Troubled by the in-clusion of the word probably and feeling more could be gained bya military victory, the British did not respond.Although the United States argued that its neutrality ensured thefreedom of seas, this was not accepted by either Germany or Britain,as both wished to strangle the other s economy.U.S.vessels weresoon subjected to search and seizure of war goods [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]