[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.The impact of such activism should not beexaggerated.The indigenous struggle of the victims of apartheid was the mostessential source of pressure, and provided the political and moral underpinningof the international movement.Of course, it is notable, and a matter of controversy, that human rights inthis activist transnational sense gave almost no attention to economic, social, andcultural rights.There have been recent attempts in both the North and South torectify this imbalance.The Center for Economic and Social Rights, founded by agroup of young American law school graduates in the mid-1990s, is an NGO oftransnational scope that is explicitly dedicated to the implementation of theseneglected international standards.Initiatives associated with opposition to certainaspects of corporate globalization, including resistance to the imposition ofstructural adjustment programs and antidebt coalitions, have moved even 106 " THE DECLINING WORLD ORDERWestern public opinion toward the gradual acknowledgement that economic andsocial rights often are accorded primacy by activists, and deserve at least a statusof equivalence in the life experience of economically disadvantaged countriesseeking to cope with the poverty and severe economic distress of a significantportion of their populations, often a substantial majority.Recent problems associated with ethnic violence and encroachments on thesurvival of indigenous peoples have called attention to the importance of culturalrights (Lam, 2000).The terrorist attacks of September 11, including theirapparent fanatical expression of religious extremism, is a further dramaticindication of the relevance of cultural rights for the agendas of transnationalactivist networks.The concern takes on an urgency in this new global context,giving sudden priority to cultural rights as part of the struggle to avoid the waragainst global terrorism escalating by either side into a clash of civilizations that would destructively widen the scope and add to the intensity of this new coreconflict configuration.The emergence of such networks has evolved to the point where it is plausibleto posit the emergence of global civil society as a constituency of networkscommitted in various ways to the promotion and attainment of global justiceacross a wide range of issues.(See Chapter 4.) The strength of this newdimension of world politics has been augmented by a flexible capacity to enterinto collaborative relationships with governments in the pursuit of shared goalswith respect to global public goods.The most successful expressions of thiscollaborative process to date are the Anti-Personnel Landmines Treaty and theRome Treaty leading the establishment of the International Criminal Court.Butsuch collaboration has long been a formal and informal aspect of UN globalconferences on such matters as environmental protection, women, and theresources of the oceans.It has also forged new identities that reshape citizenshipand loyal ties in deterritorializing ways that challenge the exclusivity ofnationalist allegiances as administered by sovereign states, as well as traditionalideas of national patriotism.Such emergent patterns of citizenship are notantistate, but are giving rise to multiple bonds of affiliation and identityassociated with activist networks, regional and civilizational affinities, and asense of global or planetary solidarity.There are also contradictory trends evidentthat threaten political fragmentation, a variety of ethnic and religious movements,and an assortment of micronationalisms producing turmoil and bloodshed inmany parts of the world.The anticolonial movement.A momentous change in the climate of opinionaccompanied the movement of decolonization, bringing into global policy arenasnormative ideas about fairness and justice, and of course, the right of self-determination given a historic role in restructuring international society.Increasingly, the legitimation of nationalist struggles against colonialism restedon overwhelming UN support for the right of self-determination available to allcolonized peoples (provided that the exercise of the right did not result in the TOWARD GLOBAL JUSTICE " 107dismemberment of existing states, or even altering colonial boundaries, howeverartificial and ethnically divisive).There are two relevant considerations [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.The impact of such activism should not beexaggerated.The indigenous struggle of the victims of apartheid was the mostessential source of pressure, and provided the political and moral underpinningof the international movement.Of course, it is notable, and a matter of controversy, that human rights inthis activist transnational sense gave almost no attention to economic, social, andcultural rights.There have been recent attempts in both the North and South torectify this imbalance.The Center for Economic and Social Rights, founded by agroup of young American law school graduates in the mid-1990s, is an NGO oftransnational scope that is explicitly dedicated to the implementation of theseneglected international standards.Initiatives associated with opposition to certainaspects of corporate globalization, including resistance to the imposition ofstructural adjustment programs and antidebt coalitions, have moved even 106 " THE DECLINING WORLD ORDERWestern public opinion toward the gradual acknowledgement that economic andsocial rights often are accorded primacy by activists, and deserve at least a statusof equivalence in the life experience of economically disadvantaged countriesseeking to cope with the poverty and severe economic distress of a significantportion of their populations, often a substantial majority.Recent problems associated with ethnic violence and encroachments on thesurvival of indigenous peoples have called attention to the importance of culturalrights (Lam, 2000).The terrorist attacks of September 11, including theirapparent fanatical expression of religious extremism, is a further dramaticindication of the relevance of cultural rights for the agendas of transnationalactivist networks.The concern takes on an urgency in this new global context,giving sudden priority to cultural rights as part of the struggle to avoid the waragainst global terrorism escalating by either side into a clash of civilizations that would destructively widen the scope and add to the intensity of this new coreconflict configuration.The emergence of such networks has evolved to the point where it is plausibleto posit the emergence of global civil society as a constituency of networkscommitted in various ways to the promotion and attainment of global justiceacross a wide range of issues.(See Chapter 4.) The strength of this newdimension of world politics has been augmented by a flexible capacity to enterinto collaborative relationships with governments in the pursuit of shared goalswith respect to global public goods.The most successful expressions of thiscollaborative process to date are the Anti-Personnel Landmines Treaty and theRome Treaty leading the establishment of the International Criminal Court.Butsuch collaboration has long been a formal and informal aspect of UN globalconferences on such matters as environmental protection, women, and theresources of the oceans.It has also forged new identities that reshape citizenshipand loyal ties in deterritorializing ways that challenge the exclusivity ofnationalist allegiances as administered by sovereign states, as well as traditionalideas of national patriotism.Such emergent patterns of citizenship are notantistate, but are giving rise to multiple bonds of affiliation and identityassociated with activist networks, regional and civilizational affinities, and asense of global or planetary solidarity.There are also contradictory trends evidentthat threaten political fragmentation, a variety of ethnic and religious movements,and an assortment of micronationalisms producing turmoil and bloodshed inmany parts of the world.The anticolonial movement.A momentous change in the climate of opinionaccompanied the movement of decolonization, bringing into global policy arenasnormative ideas about fairness and justice, and of course, the right of self-determination given a historic role in restructuring international society.Increasingly, the legitimation of nationalist struggles against colonialism restedon overwhelming UN support for the right of self-determination available to allcolonized peoples (provided that the exercise of the right did not result in the TOWARD GLOBAL JUSTICE " 107dismemberment of existing states, or even altering colonial boundaries, howeverartificial and ethnically divisive).There are two relevant considerations [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]