[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.In the name of the entire tribe, the signatories,among them head chief James Connor, Charles Journeycake, John Sar-coxie, Captain Fall Leaf and others, traditionalists as well as modern-ists, requested a separate reservation to be set aside within the CherokeeNation.They demanded that there be set apart a Reservation for theDelawares within the Cherokee Nation to be governed by themselves butnot to conflict with the laws of the Cherokee Nation when honestly andproperly administered, something they believed to be their right accord-ing to their 1866 treaty and the original Articles of Agreement.68 Theyalso asked for their share of the monies which the Cherokees had notpaid them.(The fact that the Cherokees had refused to include the Dela-wares in these payments shows that they did not really consider them tobe part of the Cherokee Nation.) The petitioners illustrated the hopeless-ness and desperation of the tribe, explaining that some of our peopleare moving away and living with other tribes, willing to sacrifice theirown lands and home for an uncertain residence with those more peace-fully disposed. 69It is not clear if the petition ever made it to Congress but even if it did,it was to no avail.By this time, the United States already were planning on 78 Indigenous Peoples in the United States and Mexico, 1620 2000dissolving all the reservations to finally achieve the complete integration ofall Indians into mainstream society by means of allotment.UNITYYet while open questions about the legal identity of the Delawares remained,at least in their wish to have their own reservation the Lenape were onceagain united, as the petition clearly shows.The dire consequences ofremoval had thus helped to overcome the rifts introduced or at least aggra-vated by removal.Traditionalists and modernists had come together in theirquest for a separate Delaware reservation.Legally, however, they continuedin the same ambiguous state as before.The United States government stillheld monies in trust for the Lenape after the payment to the Cherokees in1869.And it did so through direct communication with the Lenape chiefsand council, which it also used in overseeing Delaware affairs.70 And in1873, Superintendent Enoch Hoag reported that by treaty the Delawareswere Cherokees but that they retain with the government certain inter-ests exclusively their own so long as these interests continue separatefrom the Cherokees, they will require separate organization. 71 Thesewords echo a statement made in 1868, by Acting Commissioner of IndianAffairs Charles Mix: As the Delawares have not yet dissolved their tribalorganization and become members of the Cherokee Nation they must betreated and dealt with as Delawares. 72 While this sounds like in the eyesof these United States officials the dissolution of the tribe was inevitableand only a matter of time, this need not necessarily have been an accuratereflection of the legal situation.As seen before, confusion about the exactterms of the treaties had become evident before and these confusions maystill have been prevalent at this later time.The only thing that was beyonddoubt was that the Lenape in 1877 certainly had no interest not to continueseparately from the Cherokees or to dissolve their tribal organization.Thisthey had made amply clear.This fact is not only evidenced by the Delawares correspondence butalso by their comportment.After the Neoshos return, the tribe intensifiedthe attempts to keep up its organization.Although there are no recordsabout the election to head chief after 1872, modernists Charles Journey-cake is referred to as head chief from 1877 on and until his death in 1894.Also in 1877, the following settlement chiefs are listed in a governmentdocument: For the Cana settlement John Sarcoxie, for the Verdigris CharlesJourneycake, and for the Grand River settlement James Ketchum.73 It is notclear if these settlements are more or less identical with the old clans / phra-tries of Wolf, Turkey, and Turtle, but the fact alone that Delawares headed Identity (in) Crisis? 79Delaware settlements indicate that they to some extend upheld their tribalorganization.Their agent was not in favor of this, however.He wanted tohave the number of chiefs reduced, presumably to make his own life eas-ier.74 After Journeycake s death a body which became known as the Dela-ware Business Committee was installed upon request of the United States.The traditional duties of the former chiefs were taken over by a ceremonialchief.Nevertheless, important elements of Delaware culture were upheld.And the chiefs, as well as later on the Business Committee, did wellin overseeing matters of interest to the Lenape tribe. By 1898, the Dela-ware settlements boasted a council house and two churches, two schoolsalong the Caney River, two schools along the California River, and one onLightning Creek all built an paid for by the Delaware Tribe. 75 They hadturned the lack of government support into a virtue, a point of strength.The council also employed physicians and raised money for their pay, sincethe federal government would not allow them any of their own money forthat matter.76 The tribe looked out for itself was quite literally forced todo so and managed to do this without letting itself be absorbed into theCherokee Nation.Probably the best indicator for the separateness, in which Cherokeesand Delawares continued, was the low intermarriage rate. Of the first 212Delaware marriages after the removal, only 5 were with blood Cherokee,and only by those Delawares born after 1890. 77 The Lenape also con-tinued to speak their own language, which is decidedly different from theIroquoian Cherokees native tongue.78 The Lenape language was spokenfluently well into the twentieth century.79 Up to that time English, if spokenat all by Delaware tribal members, was usually only the second language.Clearly, in the aftermath of removal, there was little mixing between Dela-wares and Cherokees on a day to day basis and even at the administrativelevel and in interactions with the United States government officials a con-siderable degree of separateness was kept. A NATION FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES The years to follow their removal showed that the Delawares did not justvanish from view.They were quite articulate, repeatedly voicing concernsabout the tribe and all matters connected to it.Their actions were aimed atthe preservation of their tribal organization.And, even though it may seemstrange at first glance, so was the consent to removal.Kansas, for close toforty years home to the main body of the Lenape, in the late 1850s did notoffer the tribe the conditions it needed to thrive.On the contrary, the preva-lent situation at the time severely endangered the Delawares.And matters 80 Indigenous Peoples in the United States and Mexico, 1620 2000got worse with the effects the Kansas-Nebraska Act had on the area andits inhabitants.Especially after the Civil War, the Delawares living condi-tions once again deteriorated drastically.80 In Kansas they had no future asa tribe.Removal to Indian Territory was preferable and must have seemedlike a logical step in the Lenape s efforts to safeguard the tribe [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.In the name of the entire tribe, the signatories,among them head chief James Connor, Charles Journeycake, John Sar-coxie, Captain Fall Leaf and others, traditionalists as well as modern-ists, requested a separate reservation to be set aside within the CherokeeNation.They demanded that there be set apart a Reservation for theDelawares within the Cherokee Nation to be governed by themselves butnot to conflict with the laws of the Cherokee Nation when honestly andproperly administered, something they believed to be their right accord-ing to their 1866 treaty and the original Articles of Agreement.68 Theyalso asked for their share of the monies which the Cherokees had notpaid them.(The fact that the Cherokees had refused to include the Dela-wares in these payments shows that they did not really consider them tobe part of the Cherokee Nation.) The petitioners illustrated the hopeless-ness and desperation of the tribe, explaining that some of our peopleare moving away and living with other tribes, willing to sacrifice theirown lands and home for an uncertain residence with those more peace-fully disposed. 69It is not clear if the petition ever made it to Congress but even if it did,it was to no avail.By this time, the United States already were planning on 78 Indigenous Peoples in the United States and Mexico, 1620 2000dissolving all the reservations to finally achieve the complete integration ofall Indians into mainstream society by means of allotment.UNITYYet while open questions about the legal identity of the Delawares remained,at least in their wish to have their own reservation the Lenape were onceagain united, as the petition clearly shows.The dire consequences ofremoval had thus helped to overcome the rifts introduced or at least aggra-vated by removal.Traditionalists and modernists had come together in theirquest for a separate Delaware reservation.Legally, however, they continuedin the same ambiguous state as before.The United States government stillheld monies in trust for the Lenape after the payment to the Cherokees in1869.And it did so through direct communication with the Lenape chiefsand council, which it also used in overseeing Delaware affairs.70 And in1873, Superintendent Enoch Hoag reported that by treaty the Delawareswere Cherokees but that they retain with the government certain inter-ests exclusively their own so long as these interests continue separatefrom the Cherokees, they will require separate organization. 71 Thesewords echo a statement made in 1868, by Acting Commissioner of IndianAffairs Charles Mix: As the Delawares have not yet dissolved their tribalorganization and become members of the Cherokee Nation they must betreated and dealt with as Delawares. 72 While this sounds like in the eyesof these United States officials the dissolution of the tribe was inevitableand only a matter of time, this need not necessarily have been an accuratereflection of the legal situation.As seen before, confusion about the exactterms of the treaties had become evident before and these confusions maystill have been prevalent at this later time.The only thing that was beyonddoubt was that the Lenape in 1877 certainly had no interest not to continueseparately from the Cherokees or to dissolve their tribal organization.Thisthey had made amply clear.This fact is not only evidenced by the Delawares correspondence butalso by their comportment.After the Neoshos return, the tribe intensifiedthe attempts to keep up its organization.Although there are no recordsabout the election to head chief after 1872, modernists Charles Journey-cake is referred to as head chief from 1877 on and until his death in 1894.Also in 1877, the following settlement chiefs are listed in a governmentdocument: For the Cana settlement John Sarcoxie, for the Verdigris CharlesJourneycake, and for the Grand River settlement James Ketchum.73 It is notclear if these settlements are more or less identical with the old clans / phra-tries of Wolf, Turkey, and Turtle, but the fact alone that Delawares headed Identity (in) Crisis? 79Delaware settlements indicate that they to some extend upheld their tribalorganization.Their agent was not in favor of this, however.He wanted tohave the number of chiefs reduced, presumably to make his own life eas-ier.74 After Journeycake s death a body which became known as the Dela-ware Business Committee was installed upon request of the United States.The traditional duties of the former chiefs were taken over by a ceremonialchief.Nevertheless, important elements of Delaware culture were upheld.And the chiefs, as well as later on the Business Committee, did wellin overseeing matters of interest to the Lenape tribe. By 1898, the Dela-ware settlements boasted a council house and two churches, two schoolsalong the Caney River, two schools along the California River, and one onLightning Creek all built an paid for by the Delaware Tribe. 75 They hadturned the lack of government support into a virtue, a point of strength.The council also employed physicians and raised money for their pay, sincethe federal government would not allow them any of their own money forthat matter.76 The tribe looked out for itself was quite literally forced todo so and managed to do this without letting itself be absorbed into theCherokee Nation.Probably the best indicator for the separateness, in which Cherokeesand Delawares continued, was the low intermarriage rate. Of the first 212Delaware marriages after the removal, only 5 were with blood Cherokee,and only by those Delawares born after 1890. 77 The Lenape also con-tinued to speak their own language, which is decidedly different from theIroquoian Cherokees native tongue.78 The Lenape language was spokenfluently well into the twentieth century.79 Up to that time English, if spokenat all by Delaware tribal members, was usually only the second language.Clearly, in the aftermath of removal, there was little mixing between Dela-wares and Cherokees on a day to day basis and even at the administrativelevel and in interactions with the United States government officials a con-siderable degree of separateness was kept. A NATION FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES The years to follow their removal showed that the Delawares did not justvanish from view.They were quite articulate, repeatedly voicing concernsabout the tribe and all matters connected to it.Their actions were aimed atthe preservation of their tribal organization.And, even though it may seemstrange at first glance, so was the consent to removal.Kansas, for close toforty years home to the main body of the Lenape, in the late 1850s did notoffer the tribe the conditions it needed to thrive.On the contrary, the preva-lent situation at the time severely endangered the Delawares.And matters 80 Indigenous Peoples in the United States and Mexico, 1620 2000got worse with the effects the Kansas-Nebraska Act had on the area andits inhabitants.Especially after the Civil War, the Delawares living condi-tions once again deteriorated drastically.80 In Kansas they had no future asa tribe.Removal to Indian Territory was preferable and must have seemedlike a logical step in the Lenape s efforts to safeguard the tribe [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]