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.87-92John Knutson, told the Michigan State Dental Society in 1953.J.W.Knutson, "AnEvaluation of the Grand Rapids Water Fluoridation Project," J.Michigan State MedicalSc., vol.53 (1954), p.1 0 0 1.Cited in McClure, Water Fluorida-tion, p.n o.28.Multiple interviews with author.First published in Griffiths and Bryson, "Fluoride, Teeth, and the Atomic Bomb," Waste Not: The Reporter for RationalResource Management (September 1997).29.Progress Report No.1 of Contract No.W-74o1-eng-49 at the University of Rochester(report of the work for period May 1, 1943, to December 31, 1943, submitted by AndrewH.Dowdy, M.D., Director), Box 800018227, ACHRE, RG 220.30."DuPont" File, New York Operations Research and Medicine Division, Correspondence1945-1952, Box 28-47, Box 36, Atlanta FRC, RG 326.For Priest's fluorine work atColumbia, see multiple papers in Industrial and Engineering Chem.(March 1947).31.P.Dale and H.B.McCauley, "Dental Conditions in Workers Chronically Exposed toDilute and Anhydrous Hydrofluoric Acid," JADA, vol.37, no.2 ( August 1948).Firstpresented at the twenty-fifth general meeting of the International Association of DentalResearch, Chicago, June 21-22, 1947.32.See chapter 4, notes 72 and 73.33" The published study acknowledges the "assistance and suggestions of Drs Harold C.Hodge,.in the preparation of this paper." The unpublished version is via Griffiths andHonicker.34.Division of Safety and Hygiene, March 1, 1949, John H.Fluker, Superin-tendent, Division of Safety and Hygiene, Columbus, OH, In Re: Harshaw ChemicalCompany.Memo, via John Fedor.35."Tabulation of results obtained from measurements of urine samples collectedfrom workers at the Harshaw Chemical Company from 6 to 13 December 1 945." ReportNo.5373" From Capt.B.J.Mears to Mr.F.A.Becker, Harshaw Chemical Company, Md319.1, General Essays, Lectures, Medical Report, Box 34, #4nn 326-85-005, AtlantaFRC, RG 326.Chapter 71.J.Marks, The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Con-trol (New York: Times Books, 1979).2.See Subproject 46 of John Marks collection at the National Security Archive.There is a second document in these files noting an interest in fluoride.Aredacted November 29, 1949, letter discusses chemicals best suited to killpeople."One of these, sodium fluoacetate, when ingested in sufficient quantities to cause death does not cause characteristic pathologic lesions nordoes it increase the amount of fluorine in the body to such a degree that itcan be detected by quantitative methods." See Box 4, file titled "DocumentIndexes Abstracts and Documents," Marks Collection, National Archive.3."Those present at the meeting were Drs.Dowdy, Bale, Fink, McKann, Bas-sett, Hodge, and others representing the Rochester Group, Capt.Bryan NOTES TO CHAPTER 7 / PP.92-93 297representing Col.Warren's office, and W.Langham representing the Santa Fegroup." Folder 4, Box SoFo1B230, ACHRE, RG 220.4."Distribution and Excretion of Plutonium Administered Intravenously toMan," September 20, 1950, Division of Health and Biology, Folder 5, BoxSoFo1B23o, ACHRE, RG 220.5.Welsome, The Plutonium Files, p.475.6.Details of those government experiments were declassified in 1994.On June 5, 1945,for example, a University of Rochester letter marked "Secret" details plans for"increasing the human metabolism studies." Ten additional patients are scheduled for"injection with T [code for uranium]," the letter states."The preparation and analysiswill be done by Dr.Hodge," notes the author, Dr.Andrew Dowdy, to Dr.W.F.Bale,of Rochester's "Special Problems Division." The letter is cc'd to Dr.Hodge.Dr.Andrew Dowdy to Dr.W.F.Bale, Special Problems Division.University ofRochester intramural correspondence, Box SoFo1B23o, ACHRE, RG 220.The following year, 1946, Hodge was given direct responsibility for theexperiments.L.H.Hemplemann and Wright H.Langham, "Detailed Plan of ProductPart of Rochester Experiment." This document has a section called " General Plan ofthe Rochester Experiment" at p.5, which details Hodge's involvement in the uraniumexperiments.Document marked 9000528, Box So9Fo1B23o, ACHRE, RG 220.7.The document, titled "Detailed Plan of Product [code for plutonium] Part ofRochester Experiment," includes a section on other human experiments.Themedical director, Stafford Warren, had determined that "fifty subjects" wereneeded, ten for each substance, the document explained, "in order toestablish, on a statistically significant number of subjects, the metabolicbehavior of the hazardous material, product [code for plutonium], radium,postum, tuballoy [code for uranium] and lead." Under the subheading "Personnel and Distribution of Responsibility," a single name is listed for theuranium experiments: "Harold Hodge." Both patient accounts are fromUniversity of Rochester Monthly Progress Reports, for April 1947 (M-1968)and February 1947 (M-1954), Box S09Fo1B230, ACHRE, RG 220.An internal Rochester report on the experiments, "The Tolerance of Man forHexavalent Uranium," noted that for the final subject, the alcoholic, the experimentshad been successful, and that the "rise in urinary catalase and protein" from the man'sliver suggested that, for uranium exposure, "tolerance had been reached." SamuelBasset, Albert Frenkel, Nathan Cedars, Helen Can Alstine, Christine Waterhouse,and Katherine Cusson, " The Tolerance of Man for Hexavalent Uranium," Folder 4,Box SoFo1B23o, ACHRE, RG 220.8.Dr.Sweet wanted to study whether uranium could be used in "therapy ofbrain tumors." See Bob Bernard, interviewed by Newell Stannard in 1975, forHodge link to uranium injections on Bill Sweet's patients at MassachusettsGeneral Hospital.DOE Opennet #0026691.However, according to an internal report from the Union Carbide Nuclear company, the Atomic Energy 298 NOTES TO C H A P T E R 7 / PP.93 98Commission at Oak Ridge was "concerned with the long-term radiological effect thatenriched uranium may have upon production employees who have inhaled dusts, mistsand fumes of uranium." Accordingly, uranium injections were given to MassachusettsGeneral Hospital patients following their tumor operations, in order to obtain "data on thedistribution and excretion of uranium in these patients" and to "determine the permissibleintravenous dose." S.R.Bernard and E.G.Struxness, A Study of the Distribution andExcretion of Uranium in Man, An Interim Report, ORNL-23o4, Box S09F01B294,ACHRE, RG 220.9.Morgan interview, January 6, 1995, by Gil Wittemore and Miriam Bowling,p.109, ACHRE, RG 220.10 [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.87-92John Knutson, told the Michigan State Dental Society in 1953.J.W.Knutson, "AnEvaluation of the Grand Rapids Water Fluoridation Project," J.Michigan State MedicalSc., vol.53 (1954), p.1 0 0 1.Cited in McClure, Water Fluorida-tion, p.n o.28.Multiple interviews with author.First published in Griffiths and Bryson, "Fluoride, Teeth, and the Atomic Bomb," Waste Not: The Reporter for RationalResource Management (September 1997).29.Progress Report No.1 of Contract No.W-74o1-eng-49 at the University of Rochester(report of the work for period May 1, 1943, to December 31, 1943, submitted by AndrewH.Dowdy, M.D., Director), Box 800018227, ACHRE, RG 220.30."DuPont" File, New York Operations Research and Medicine Division, Correspondence1945-1952, Box 28-47, Box 36, Atlanta FRC, RG 326.For Priest's fluorine work atColumbia, see multiple papers in Industrial and Engineering Chem.(March 1947).31.P.Dale and H.B.McCauley, "Dental Conditions in Workers Chronically Exposed toDilute and Anhydrous Hydrofluoric Acid," JADA, vol.37, no.2 ( August 1948).Firstpresented at the twenty-fifth general meeting of the International Association of DentalResearch, Chicago, June 21-22, 1947.32.See chapter 4, notes 72 and 73.33" The published study acknowledges the "assistance and suggestions of Drs Harold C.Hodge,.in the preparation of this paper." The unpublished version is via Griffiths andHonicker.34.Division of Safety and Hygiene, March 1, 1949, John H.Fluker, Superin-tendent, Division of Safety and Hygiene, Columbus, OH, In Re: Harshaw ChemicalCompany.Memo, via John Fedor.35."Tabulation of results obtained from measurements of urine samples collectedfrom workers at the Harshaw Chemical Company from 6 to 13 December 1 945." ReportNo.5373" From Capt.B.J.Mears to Mr.F.A.Becker, Harshaw Chemical Company, Md319.1, General Essays, Lectures, Medical Report, Box 34, #4nn 326-85-005, AtlantaFRC, RG 326.Chapter 71.J.Marks, The Search for the Manchurian Candidate: The CIA and Mind Con-trol (New York: Times Books, 1979).2.See Subproject 46 of John Marks collection at the National Security Archive.There is a second document in these files noting an interest in fluoride.Aredacted November 29, 1949, letter discusses chemicals best suited to killpeople."One of these, sodium fluoacetate, when ingested in sufficient quantities to cause death does not cause characteristic pathologic lesions nordoes it increase the amount of fluorine in the body to such a degree that itcan be detected by quantitative methods." See Box 4, file titled "DocumentIndexes Abstracts and Documents," Marks Collection, National Archive.3."Those present at the meeting were Drs.Dowdy, Bale, Fink, McKann, Bas-sett, Hodge, and others representing the Rochester Group, Capt.Bryan NOTES TO CHAPTER 7 / PP.92-93 297representing Col.Warren's office, and W.Langham representing the Santa Fegroup." Folder 4, Box SoFo1B230, ACHRE, RG 220.4."Distribution and Excretion of Plutonium Administered Intravenously toMan," September 20, 1950, Division of Health and Biology, Folder 5, BoxSoFo1B23o, ACHRE, RG 220.5.Welsome, The Plutonium Files, p.475.6.Details of those government experiments were declassified in 1994.On June 5, 1945,for example, a University of Rochester letter marked "Secret" details plans for"increasing the human metabolism studies." Ten additional patients are scheduled for"injection with T [code for uranium]," the letter states."The preparation and analysiswill be done by Dr.Hodge," notes the author, Dr.Andrew Dowdy, to Dr.W.F.Bale,of Rochester's "Special Problems Division." The letter is cc'd to Dr.Hodge.Dr.Andrew Dowdy to Dr.W.F.Bale, Special Problems Division.University ofRochester intramural correspondence, Box SoFo1B23o, ACHRE, RG 220.The following year, 1946, Hodge was given direct responsibility for theexperiments.L.H.Hemplemann and Wright H.Langham, "Detailed Plan of ProductPart of Rochester Experiment." This document has a section called " General Plan ofthe Rochester Experiment" at p.5, which details Hodge's involvement in the uraniumexperiments.Document marked 9000528, Box So9Fo1B23o, ACHRE, RG 220.7.The document, titled "Detailed Plan of Product [code for plutonium] Part ofRochester Experiment," includes a section on other human experiments.Themedical director, Stafford Warren, had determined that "fifty subjects" wereneeded, ten for each substance, the document explained, "in order toestablish, on a statistically significant number of subjects, the metabolicbehavior of the hazardous material, product [code for plutonium], radium,postum, tuballoy [code for uranium] and lead." Under the subheading "Personnel and Distribution of Responsibility," a single name is listed for theuranium experiments: "Harold Hodge." Both patient accounts are fromUniversity of Rochester Monthly Progress Reports, for April 1947 (M-1968)and February 1947 (M-1954), Box S09Fo1B230, ACHRE, RG 220.An internal Rochester report on the experiments, "The Tolerance of Man forHexavalent Uranium," noted that for the final subject, the alcoholic, the experimentshad been successful, and that the "rise in urinary catalase and protein" from the man'sliver suggested that, for uranium exposure, "tolerance had been reached." SamuelBasset, Albert Frenkel, Nathan Cedars, Helen Can Alstine, Christine Waterhouse,and Katherine Cusson, " The Tolerance of Man for Hexavalent Uranium," Folder 4,Box SoFo1B23o, ACHRE, RG 220.8.Dr.Sweet wanted to study whether uranium could be used in "therapy ofbrain tumors." See Bob Bernard, interviewed by Newell Stannard in 1975, forHodge link to uranium injections on Bill Sweet's patients at MassachusettsGeneral Hospital.DOE Opennet #0026691.However, according to an internal report from the Union Carbide Nuclear company, the Atomic Energy 298 NOTES TO C H A P T E R 7 / PP.93 98Commission at Oak Ridge was "concerned with the long-term radiological effect thatenriched uranium may have upon production employees who have inhaled dusts, mistsand fumes of uranium." Accordingly, uranium injections were given to MassachusettsGeneral Hospital patients following their tumor operations, in order to obtain "data on thedistribution and excretion of uranium in these patients" and to "determine the permissibleintravenous dose." S.R.Bernard and E.G.Struxness, A Study of the Distribution andExcretion of Uranium in Man, An Interim Report, ORNL-23o4, Box S09F01B294,ACHRE, RG 220.9.Morgan interview, January 6, 1995, by Gil Wittemore and Miriam Bowling,p.109, ACHRE, RG 220.10 [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]