[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
.Jacob Henry also entered the partnership before 1754.The Jewish merchantshad other ties too.Trent was already indebted to Simon and Franks for£4,082 Pennsylvania ($470,000) and gave them a mortgage on his land.The firms of Simon, Trent, Levy, and Franks and Baynton and Whartonwere the two major companies supplying the frontier during the 1760s.Joseph Simon and Levy Andrew Levy from Lancaster and Isaac Levy andDavid Franks from Philadelphia claimed losses to the Indians of £28,000in 1763, indicating a sizable investment in western commerce.Franks had excellent political connections in London and was a subcontrac-tor supplying provisions to the British army.Through their London influence,David Franks and his father, Joseph, of New York City, held the provisionscontract for the British army, and during the Seven Years War, they handledmore than £750,000 sterling ($150 million) in provision contracts.In April1760 David Franks had the army provisions contract in partnership withWilliam Plumstead and had accounts with Joseph Simon, Levy Andrew Levy, The Merchants 149"and Levy & Company.In 1764 David Franks, John Inglis, and DavidBarclay were the contractors for army provisions.Food for the regimentson the frontier was purchased locally by the contractors and their agents.In1766 the contractors paid Baynton and Wharton £397 19s.Pennsylvania($45,770) for rations for the army in Illinois.There is a prior entry for£300, also for rations.Among the Jews arriving in Philadelphia during the war was MichaelGratz, who came as a clerk to his brother, Bernard Gratz.Eight Jews signeda nonimportation agreement in Philadelphia in 1765: Bernard and MichaelGratz, Benjamin Levy, David Franks, Samson Levy, Hayman Levy Jr.,Mathias Bush, and Moses Mordecai.Bernard and Michael Gratz were majorfactors in the frontier trade.Bernard Gratz at Philadelphia wrote to MosesFrank in London regarding the sale of £86 in wampum to the PennsylvaniaIndian Commission, and also dealt with Joseph Simon of Lancaster andLevy Andrew Levy in April 1760.Michael Gratz had transactions withDavid Franks of £300 Pennsylvania ($34,500).Bernard Gratz came from Silesia, then a part of Prussia, to escape thesevere persecution of the Jews by Frederick the Great.He first went toLondon and worked with Solomon Henry in the lumber, sugar, and furbusiness, dealing with David Franks of Philadelphia.Gratz was employed byFranks in the frontier trade when he arrived in Philadelphia in 1754.In 1760 he was dealing with Henry Solomon in London, Isaac Martin inSavannah, and with Joseph Simon and Levy Andrew Levy.In 1760 Bernardformed a partnership with Michael Gratz.The Gratz partners were active in many facets of trade in the 1760s,dealing with Jacob Henry of Newport and Robert C.Livingston, JohnHarris Cruger, Isaac Adolphus, and James Kennedy of New York City.In April 1765 the partners provided Edward Ward with rum for the Indiantrade.In July 1765 they received an order for four pipes (500 gallons) ofwhiskey from James Cunningham, their agent in Quebec.Beginning in 1766Bernard and Michael Gratz competed with Baynton and Wharton for theIllinois market, working with Joseph Simon and Levy Andrew Levy.InAugust 1768 the partners sent two horse-loads of rum and four wagons ofmerchandise to Eneas Mackay at Fort Pitt.They outfitted William Murrayat Carlisle in 1768 to trade in Illinois.In 1769 Bernard and Michael Gratz sold George Croghan £1,000Pennsylvania ($115,000) in Indian goods.By 1772 the partners were theprincipal creditors of Croghan and had power of attorney to sell his landsin New York to satisfy Croghan s debts.Because the Jews constituted a tightly knit group of merchants inPennsylvania and in other commercial centers, there was some resentment. 150 People of the American Frontier"Beeckman, one of the Albany Dutch traders, complained of the competitionfrom both Quakers and Jews in the Irish flaxseed trade.In 1760 the Frenchseigneurs of Quebec, in their petition supporting Governor Murray, referredto the Jews who exalt themselves among the king s new subjects (theFrench).The seigneurs claimed that unwary Frenchmen had previously notknown of this kind of men and had ruined themselves. Prior to 1760 Jewshad been excluded from Canada, but after 1760 many came from othercolonies.They included David Lazarus, Uriel Moresco, Samuel Jacobs, SimonLevy, Fernández da Fonseca, Abraham Franks, Andrew Hays, Jacob deMaurera, Joseph Bindona, Levy Solomons, and Uriah Judah.Others com-muted between New York and Canada.The combined pressure of the French and the British army must havehad some impact because many Jews left Canada after 1763.Their numberdiminished from a total of thirty identified in 1760 to only fourteen tonineteen in 1763 74.From 1769 on the Jewish merchants in Montrealobtained licenses for only five canoes a year, a small part of the total, indicatingthat they had more or less been driven out of the direct trade with theIndians in Canada.However, by 1768 a Jewish congregation was establishedin Montreal.The congregation was made up of the Portuguese-Dutch-English Jews of the Sephardic community.The colonial merchants suffered from British regulation and lack of supportin the struggle with the French traders more than any other class in America.When the fur trade was monopolized by the French, partially as a result ofineffective British administration, the merchants of New York and Pennsylva-nia were the major losers.When the merchants turned to land speculation,they were again blocked by the government in London.The transfer of theregiments to the coast in 1768 deprived the merchants of that market [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]
zanotowane.pl doc.pisz.pl pdf.pisz.pl centka.pev.pl
.Jacob Henry also entered the partnership before 1754.The Jewish merchantshad other ties too.Trent was already indebted to Simon and Franks for£4,082 Pennsylvania ($470,000) and gave them a mortgage on his land.The firms of Simon, Trent, Levy, and Franks and Baynton and Whartonwere the two major companies supplying the frontier during the 1760s.Joseph Simon and Levy Andrew Levy from Lancaster and Isaac Levy andDavid Franks from Philadelphia claimed losses to the Indians of £28,000in 1763, indicating a sizable investment in western commerce.Franks had excellent political connections in London and was a subcontrac-tor supplying provisions to the British army.Through their London influence,David Franks and his father, Joseph, of New York City, held the provisionscontract for the British army, and during the Seven Years War, they handledmore than £750,000 sterling ($150 million) in provision contracts.In April1760 David Franks had the army provisions contract in partnership withWilliam Plumstead and had accounts with Joseph Simon, Levy Andrew Levy, The Merchants 149"and Levy & Company.In 1764 David Franks, John Inglis, and DavidBarclay were the contractors for army provisions.Food for the regimentson the frontier was purchased locally by the contractors and their agents.In1766 the contractors paid Baynton and Wharton £397 19s.Pennsylvania($45,770) for rations for the army in Illinois.There is a prior entry for£300, also for rations.Among the Jews arriving in Philadelphia during the war was MichaelGratz, who came as a clerk to his brother, Bernard Gratz.Eight Jews signeda nonimportation agreement in Philadelphia in 1765: Bernard and MichaelGratz, Benjamin Levy, David Franks, Samson Levy, Hayman Levy Jr.,Mathias Bush, and Moses Mordecai.Bernard and Michael Gratz were majorfactors in the frontier trade.Bernard Gratz at Philadelphia wrote to MosesFrank in London regarding the sale of £86 in wampum to the PennsylvaniaIndian Commission, and also dealt with Joseph Simon of Lancaster andLevy Andrew Levy in April 1760.Michael Gratz had transactions withDavid Franks of £300 Pennsylvania ($34,500).Bernard Gratz came from Silesia, then a part of Prussia, to escape thesevere persecution of the Jews by Frederick the Great.He first went toLondon and worked with Solomon Henry in the lumber, sugar, and furbusiness, dealing with David Franks of Philadelphia.Gratz was employed byFranks in the frontier trade when he arrived in Philadelphia in 1754.In 1760 he was dealing with Henry Solomon in London, Isaac Martin inSavannah, and with Joseph Simon and Levy Andrew Levy.In 1760 Bernardformed a partnership with Michael Gratz.The Gratz partners were active in many facets of trade in the 1760s,dealing with Jacob Henry of Newport and Robert C.Livingston, JohnHarris Cruger, Isaac Adolphus, and James Kennedy of New York City.In April 1765 the partners provided Edward Ward with rum for the Indiantrade.In July 1765 they received an order for four pipes (500 gallons) ofwhiskey from James Cunningham, their agent in Quebec.Beginning in 1766Bernard and Michael Gratz competed with Baynton and Wharton for theIllinois market, working with Joseph Simon and Levy Andrew Levy.InAugust 1768 the partners sent two horse-loads of rum and four wagons ofmerchandise to Eneas Mackay at Fort Pitt.They outfitted William Murrayat Carlisle in 1768 to trade in Illinois.In 1769 Bernard and Michael Gratz sold George Croghan £1,000Pennsylvania ($115,000) in Indian goods.By 1772 the partners were theprincipal creditors of Croghan and had power of attorney to sell his landsin New York to satisfy Croghan s debts.Because the Jews constituted a tightly knit group of merchants inPennsylvania and in other commercial centers, there was some resentment. 150 People of the American Frontier"Beeckman, one of the Albany Dutch traders, complained of the competitionfrom both Quakers and Jews in the Irish flaxseed trade.In 1760 the Frenchseigneurs of Quebec, in their petition supporting Governor Murray, referredto the Jews who exalt themselves among the king s new subjects (theFrench).The seigneurs claimed that unwary Frenchmen had previously notknown of this kind of men and had ruined themselves. Prior to 1760 Jewshad been excluded from Canada, but after 1760 many came from othercolonies.They included David Lazarus, Uriel Moresco, Samuel Jacobs, SimonLevy, Fernández da Fonseca, Abraham Franks, Andrew Hays, Jacob deMaurera, Joseph Bindona, Levy Solomons, and Uriah Judah.Others com-muted between New York and Canada.The combined pressure of the French and the British army must havehad some impact because many Jews left Canada after 1763.Their numberdiminished from a total of thirty identified in 1760 to only fourteen tonineteen in 1763 74.From 1769 on the Jewish merchants in Montrealobtained licenses for only five canoes a year, a small part of the total, indicatingthat they had more or less been driven out of the direct trade with theIndians in Canada.However, by 1768 a Jewish congregation was establishedin Montreal.The congregation was made up of the Portuguese-Dutch-English Jews of the Sephardic community.The colonial merchants suffered from British regulation and lack of supportin the struggle with the French traders more than any other class in America.When the fur trade was monopolized by the French, partially as a result ofineffective British administration, the merchants of New York and Pennsylva-nia were the major losers.When the merchants turned to land speculation,they were again blocked by the government in London.The transfer of theregiments to the coast in 1768 deprived the merchants of that market [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]