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.159, 177; idem, Planting, Watering, and Waiting, Interna-tional Herald Tribune, November 13, 1992. The rational reorganisation ofsociety, in Berlin s words, would create the happy, free, just, virtuous, har-monious world which Condorcet so movingly predicted, and this kindof omniscience was the solution of the cosmic jigsaw puzzle. Berlin, TheCrooked Timber, pp.5 6.9.Benjamin Constant, De l uniformité, in De l esprit de conquête et del usurpation (1814), in Écrits politiques, ed.Marcel Gauchet (Paris:Gallimard, 1997), p.168.10.Edmund Burke, letter of 1791 or 1792, in The Correspondence of EdmundBurke, ed.A.Cobban and R.A.Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1967), 6:478; Louis-Gabriel-Ambroise de Bonald, Observations surun ouvrage posthume de Condorcet, in Oeuvres complètes, ed.J.-P.Migne(Paris, 1864), 1:721 723; Joseph de Maistre, Considérations sur la France(1797) (Paris: Complexe, 1988), p.76.11.Thomas Robert Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, as it Affectsthe Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr.Godwin, M.Condorcet, and other Writers (1798), in The Works of ThomasRobert Malthus, ed.E.A.Wrigley and David Souden (London: WilliamPickering, 1986), 1:7, 63.12.Charles Taylor, Hegel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975),p.10; idem, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge,Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), p.319.13.Destutt de Tracy, A Commentary and Review of Montesquieu s Spirit of Laws(Philadelphia: William Duane, 1811), p.258.Copyright © 2001 The President and Fellows of Harvard CollegeExam Copy 326 Notes to Pages 197 20032614.See the avertissement of the first editors and the report of the first distribu-tors (the Parliamentary Committee of Public Instruction of 1795), in OC,6:4, 8.Arago himself, in his biographical introduction to the edition of the1840s (which is still the only extensive edition of Condorcet s non-scientificworks), describes his mission as the rehabilitation of a fellow academician, scientific, literary, philosophical, and political. Biographie de Condor-cet, in OC, 1:vi.On the striking concentration on the Esquisse, and on uto-pianism, in modern readings of Condorcet, see Keith Baker, Condorcet:From Natural Philosophy to Social Mathematics (Chicago: University of Chi-cago Press, 1975), pp.343 344; and Franck Alengry, Condorcet Guide de laRévolution Française (Paris: Giard and Brière, 1904), pp.835, 854.15.Alexis de Tocqueville, L ancien régime et la Révolution (1856), ed.J.-P.Mayer (Paris: Gallimard, 1967), p.44.16. Éloge de M.D Alembert (1783), in OC, 3:78 79; Baker, Condorcet,pp.176 189.17. Tableau général de la science (1793), in OC, 1:567.18.Réflexions sur le commerce des blés (1776), in OC, 11:242; Sentiments d unrépublicain sur les assemblées provinciales et les états généraux (1789), inOC, 9:142 143.19.Condorcet, Essai sur l application de l analyse à la probabilité des décisionsrendues à la pluralité des voix (1785) (New York: Chelsea House, 1972);Condorcet uses the word impossibility himself, in his letter presenting theEssay to Frederick II of Prussia.OC, 1:306; and see Chapter 6.20.Essai, pp.lxv lxviii, 116 117; Essai sur la constitution et les fonctions desassemblées provinciales (1788), in OC, 8:581 582, 594.The question of badreasons for political preferences arises, here, when individuals, confrontedwith three different constitutional proposals, prefer both extremes to the center position.21. Sur les élections (1793), in OC, 12:643.22. Sur l instruction publique (1791 92), in OC, 7:201 202.23.Réflexions sur le commerce des blés, in OC, 11:145.24. Dissertation philosophique et politique, ou réflexions sur cette question: s ilest utile aux hommes d être trompés? (1790), in OC, 5:371.25.Letters of December 4 and 13, 1773, in Correspondance inédite de Condorcetet de Turgot, 1770 1779, ed.Charles Henry (Paris: Didier, 1883), pp.141,148.26. If he is speaking of the reflective, calculated interest, by which man com-pares himself to others and prefers himself, it is false that even the most cor-rupted men always behave according to this principle. Letter of December1773, ibid., pp.143 144.27.Vie de M.Turgot (1786), in OC, 5:175.28. Sur l instruction publique, in OC, 7:234.29.Vie de M.Turgot, in OC, 5:175, 194.30.On Helvétius and Bentham, see John Morley, Diderot and the Encyclopaedists(London: Macmillan, 1886), 2:136 141.Copyright © 2001 The President and Fellows of Harvard CollegeExam Copy Notes to Pages 200 204 32732731. Sur l instruction publique, in OC, 7:235 236.32.Vie de M.Turgot, in OC, 5:187.33.Réflexions sur le commerce des blés, in OC, 11:155; see Chapter 3.34. Sur l admission des femmes au droit de cité (1790), in OC, 10:126.35.A nation is an abstract being, and as such it can be neither happy nor un-happy. Thus, when one speaks of the happiness of a nation collectively, onecan understand only two things: either a sort of median value, seen as the re-sult of the happiness or unhappiness of individuals; or the general means ofhappiness, that is to say of tranquillity and well-being, which the land, laws,industry, and relations with foreign nations can provide for the citizens gen-erally.It is enough to have some idea of justice to feel that one should hold tothe latter sense.Otherwise, one would have to adopt the maxim, too preva-lent among ancient and modern republicans, that the few can legitimately besacrificed to the many. De l influence de la révolution d Amérique surl Europe (1786), in OC, 8:4 5.36. Réflexions sur l esclavage des nègres (1781), in OC, 7:80 81, 120.37.Réflexions sur le commerce des blés, in OC, 11:145, 161, 191.38.Ibid., in OC, 11:179.39.Condorcet, Esquisse, in OC, 6:191; Plan d un emprunt publique (1789),in OC, 11:361.40. Réflexions sur l esclavage des nègres, in OC, 7:122.41.This is from a fragment published by Léon Cahen, Un fragment inédit deCondorcet, Revue de métaphysique et de morale, 22 (1914), 590.42. Sur l instruction publique, in OC, 7:201 202.43.Ibid., 7:202; Benjamin Constant, De la liberté des anciens comparée à celledes modernes (1819), in Écrits politiques, p.596.44. Sur l instruction publique, in OC, 7:203, 211 213, 326; Discours sur lesconventions nationales (1791), in OC, 10:209.45.Condorcet questions Pietro Verri, in one of his very first writings on politicaleconomy, about the enlightened self-interest of despots.You are trying, hesays, to make them understand that their true interest lies in making thepeople happy.But are you not afraid that you will degrade the people a lit-tle in the eyes of their masters, that they will come to see them as beasts ofburden who are worth no more than what they bring in? Letter to CountVerri of 1771, in OC, 1:285.46. Sur l instruction publique, OC, 7:215, 327.The characteristic of true mo-rality, Condorcet says in his Lettres d un théologien of 1774, is that it or-ders the powerful to regard the weak as his brother, and not as an instrumentwhich at his will he can use or break. OC, 5:334.In his Vie de Voltaire(1789), too, he denounces those who seek to make of other men the blindinstruments of their ambition and their greed. OC, 4:181.47. Sur l instruction publique, in OC, 7:215; Sur les assemblées provinciales, inOC, 8:482.48.Esquisse, in OC, 6:263.49. This purported opposition of interests [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]
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.159, 177; idem, Planting, Watering, and Waiting, Interna-tional Herald Tribune, November 13, 1992. The rational reorganisation ofsociety, in Berlin s words, would create the happy, free, just, virtuous, har-monious world which Condorcet so movingly predicted, and this kindof omniscience was the solution of the cosmic jigsaw puzzle. Berlin, TheCrooked Timber, pp.5 6.9.Benjamin Constant, De l uniformité, in De l esprit de conquête et del usurpation (1814), in Écrits politiques, ed.Marcel Gauchet (Paris:Gallimard, 1997), p.168.10.Edmund Burke, letter of 1791 or 1792, in The Correspondence of EdmundBurke, ed.A.Cobban and R.A.Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1967), 6:478; Louis-Gabriel-Ambroise de Bonald, Observations surun ouvrage posthume de Condorcet, in Oeuvres complètes, ed.J.-P.Migne(Paris, 1864), 1:721 723; Joseph de Maistre, Considérations sur la France(1797) (Paris: Complexe, 1988), p.76.11.Thomas Robert Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, as it Affectsthe Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr.Godwin, M.Condorcet, and other Writers (1798), in The Works of ThomasRobert Malthus, ed.E.A.Wrigley and David Souden (London: WilliamPickering, 1986), 1:7, 63.12.Charles Taylor, Hegel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975),p.10; idem, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge,Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), p.319.13.Destutt de Tracy, A Commentary and Review of Montesquieu s Spirit of Laws(Philadelphia: William Duane, 1811), p.258.Copyright © 2001 The President and Fellows of Harvard CollegeExam Copy 326 Notes to Pages 197 20032614.See the avertissement of the first editors and the report of the first distribu-tors (the Parliamentary Committee of Public Instruction of 1795), in OC,6:4, 8.Arago himself, in his biographical introduction to the edition of the1840s (which is still the only extensive edition of Condorcet s non-scientificworks), describes his mission as the rehabilitation of a fellow academician, scientific, literary, philosophical, and political. Biographie de Condor-cet, in OC, 1:vi.On the striking concentration on the Esquisse, and on uto-pianism, in modern readings of Condorcet, see Keith Baker, Condorcet:From Natural Philosophy to Social Mathematics (Chicago: University of Chi-cago Press, 1975), pp.343 344; and Franck Alengry, Condorcet Guide de laRévolution Française (Paris: Giard and Brière, 1904), pp.835, 854.15.Alexis de Tocqueville, L ancien régime et la Révolution (1856), ed.J.-P.Mayer (Paris: Gallimard, 1967), p.44.16. Éloge de M.D Alembert (1783), in OC, 3:78 79; Baker, Condorcet,pp.176 189.17. Tableau général de la science (1793), in OC, 1:567.18.Réflexions sur le commerce des blés (1776), in OC, 11:242; Sentiments d unrépublicain sur les assemblées provinciales et les états généraux (1789), inOC, 9:142 143.19.Condorcet, Essai sur l application de l analyse à la probabilité des décisionsrendues à la pluralité des voix (1785) (New York: Chelsea House, 1972);Condorcet uses the word impossibility himself, in his letter presenting theEssay to Frederick II of Prussia.OC, 1:306; and see Chapter 6.20.Essai, pp.lxv lxviii, 116 117; Essai sur la constitution et les fonctions desassemblées provinciales (1788), in OC, 8:581 582, 594.The question of badreasons for political preferences arises, here, when individuals, confrontedwith three different constitutional proposals, prefer both extremes to the center position.21. Sur les élections (1793), in OC, 12:643.22. Sur l instruction publique (1791 92), in OC, 7:201 202.23.Réflexions sur le commerce des blés, in OC, 11:145.24. Dissertation philosophique et politique, ou réflexions sur cette question: s ilest utile aux hommes d être trompés? (1790), in OC, 5:371.25.Letters of December 4 and 13, 1773, in Correspondance inédite de Condorcetet de Turgot, 1770 1779, ed.Charles Henry (Paris: Didier, 1883), pp.141,148.26. If he is speaking of the reflective, calculated interest, by which man com-pares himself to others and prefers himself, it is false that even the most cor-rupted men always behave according to this principle. Letter of December1773, ibid., pp.143 144.27.Vie de M.Turgot (1786), in OC, 5:175.28. Sur l instruction publique, in OC, 7:234.29.Vie de M.Turgot, in OC, 5:175, 194.30.On Helvétius and Bentham, see John Morley, Diderot and the Encyclopaedists(London: Macmillan, 1886), 2:136 141.Copyright © 2001 The President and Fellows of Harvard CollegeExam Copy Notes to Pages 200 204 32732731. Sur l instruction publique, in OC, 7:235 236.32.Vie de M.Turgot, in OC, 5:187.33.Réflexions sur le commerce des blés, in OC, 11:155; see Chapter 3.34. Sur l admission des femmes au droit de cité (1790), in OC, 10:126.35.A nation is an abstract being, and as such it can be neither happy nor un-happy. Thus, when one speaks of the happiness of a nation collectively, onecan understand only two things: either a sort of median value, seen as the re-sult of the happiness or unhappiness of individuals; or the general means ofhappiness, that is to say of tranquillity and well-being, which the land, laws,industry, and relations with foreign nations can provide for the citizens gen-erally.It is enough to have some idea of justice to feel that one should hold tothe latter sense.Otherwise, one would have to adopt the maxim, too preva-lent among ancient and modern republicans, that the few can legitimately besacrificed to the many. De l influence de la révolution d Amérique surl Europe (1786), in OC, 8:4 5.36. Réflexions sur l esclavage des nègres (1781), in OC, 7:80 81, 120.37.Réflexions sur le commerce des blés, in OC, 11:145, 161, 191.38.Ibid., in OC, 11:179.39.Condorcet, Esquisse, in OC, 6:191; Plan d un emprunt publique (1789),in OC, 11:361.40. Réflexions sur l esclavage des nègres, in OC, 7:122.41.This is from a fragment published by Léon Cahen, Un fragment inédit deCondorcet, Revue de métaphysique et de morale, 22 (1914), 590.42. Sur l instruction publique, in OC, 7:201 202.43.Ibid., 7:202; Benjamin Constant, De la liberté des anciens comparée à celledes modernes (1819), in Écrits politiques, p.596.44. Sur l instruction publique, in OC, 7:203, 211 213, 326; Discours sur lesconventions nationales (1791), in OC, 10:209.45.Condorcet questions Pietro Verri, in one of his very first writings on politicaleconomy, about the enlightened self-interest of despots.You are trying, hesays, to make them understand that their true interest lies in making thepeople happy.But are you not afraid that you will degrade the people a lit-tle in the eyes of their masters, that they will come to see them as beasts ofburden who are worth no more than what they bring in? Letter to CountVerri of 1771, in OC, 1:285.46. Sur l instruction publique, OC, 7:215, 327.The characteristic of true mo-rality, Condorcet says in his Lettres d un théologien of 1774, is that it or-ders the powerful to regard the weak as his brother, and not as an instrumentwhich at his will he can use or break. OC, 5:334.In his Vie de Voltaire(1789), too, he denounces those who seek to make of other men the blindinstruments of their ambition and their greed. OC, 4:181.47. Sur l instruction publique, in OC, 7:215; Sur les assemblées provinciales, inOC, 8:482.48.Esquisse, in OC, 6:263.49. This purported opposition of interests [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]