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.So far, this role has been a very limited one, limited bythe licensing fees that labelers can collect and by the generosity of cor-porations.What is really needed, we believe, is for the public torecognize the true problems of child poverty, not child labor, and forthem to contribute, in whatever ways can be designed, to programsthat will help children in poverty.If the desire for profits by corpora-tions can be harnessed to this end, that is all to the good, but thefocus must be on getting resources from those who have them, tothose who have not.Study Questions1.What are the principal determinants of child labor? What arethe global estimates of the numbers of child labor and thechanges in child labor that have occurred? To what extent arechildren employed in export industries in developing coun-tries? What is the evidence on the working conditions of childlabor?2.What are the U.S.policies and programs that are designed todeter the foreign employment and exploitation of child labor:trade policies; ILO programs; supra-national measures; codes ofconduct for multinational firms; and consumer labeling? b723_Chapter-18.qxd 7/15/2009 10:02 AM Page 740740 D.K.Brown, A.V.Deardorff & R.M.Stern3.What are modeling features used to analyze the supply of parentand child labor and policies designed to reduce child labor?4.To what extent may trade policies be effective in reducing childlabor? ILO programs and/or WTO measures? Codes of conductand labeling?ReferencesAlam, Asad.1992.Labor Standards and Comparative Advantage.Unpublisheddoctoral dissertation, Columbia University.Ashagrie, Kebebew.1993. Statistics on Child Labour, Bulletin of Labour Statistics3: 11 24.Bagwell, Kyle and Robert W.Staiger.1989. The Role of Export SubsidiesWhen Product Quality is Unknown, Journal of International Economics27: 69 89.Bagwell, Kyle and Robert W.Staiger.1998. The Simple Economics of LaborStandards and the GATT, in Alan V.Deardorff and Robert M.Stern (eds.), SocialDimensions of U.S.Trade Policies.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, forth-coming.Basu, Kaushik.1998. Child Labor: Cause, Consequence and Cure, withRemarks on International Labor Standards, Journal of Economic Literature,forthcoming.Basu, Kaushik and Pham Hoang Van.1998. The Economics of Child Labor, American Economic Review 88: 412 427.Brown, Drusilla K.1998. A Transactions Cost Politics Analysis of InternationalChild Labor Standards, in Alan V.Deardorff and Robert M.Stern (eds.), SocialDimensions of U.S.Trade Policies.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, forth-coming.Brown, Drusilla K., Alan V.Deardorff, and Robert M.Stern.1996. InternationalLabor Standards and Trade: A Theoretical Analysis, in Jagdish Bhagwati andRobert Hudec (eds.), Harmonization and Fair Trade: Prerequisites for Free Trade?Cambridge: MIT Press.Brown, Drusilla K., Alan V.Deardorff, and Robert M.Stern.1998a. Issues ofEnvironmental and Labor Standards in the Global Trading System, in Stanley W.Black (ed.), Globalization, Technological Change, and Labor Markets.Amsterdam:Kluwer Academic Press.Brown, Drusilla K., Alan V.Deardorff, and Robert M.Stern.1998b. Trade andLabor Standards, Open Economies Review 9: 171 194.Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S.Department of Labor.1994.By the Sweatand Toil of Children, Volume I, The Use of Child Labor in American Imports, b723_Chapter-18.qxd 7/15/2009 10:02 AM Page 741U.S.Trade and Other Policy Options and Programs to Deter Child Labor 741A Report to the Committee on Appropriations, United States Congress.Washington, D.C.: U.S.Department of Labor.Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S.Department of Labor.1995.By the Sweatand Toil of Children, Volume II, The Use of Child Labor in U.S.AgriculturalImports & Forced and Bonded Child Labor, A Report to the Committee onAppropriations, U.S.Congress.Washington, D.C.: U.S.Department of Labor.Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S.Department of Labor.1996.By the Sweatand Toil of Children, Volume III, The Apparel Industry and Codes of Conduct:A Solution to the International Child Labor Problem? Washington, D.C.: U.S.Department of Labor.Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S.Department of Labor.1997.By the Sweatand Toil of Children, Volume IV, Consumer Labels and Child Labor.Washington,D.C.: U.S.Department of Labor.Davis, Donald R.1996. Trade Liberalization and Income Distribution, in process,July.Deardorff, Alan V.1979. Weak Links in the Chain of Comparative Advantage, Journal of International Economics 9: 197 209.Donabedian, Bairj.1995. Self-Regulation and the Enforcement of ProfessionalCodes, Public Choice 85: 107 118.Donnenfeld, Shabtai, Shlomo Weber, and Uri Ben-Zion.1985. Import Controlsunder Imperfect Information, Journal of International Economics 19(3/4):341 354.Freeman, Richard B.1994. A Hard-Headed Look at Labor Standards, inInternational Labor Standards and Global Economic Integration: Proceedings of aSymposium.Washington D.C.: U.S.Department of Labor, Bureau of InternationalLabor Affairs.Galasso, Emanuela.1998. Intra-Household Allocation and Child Labor inIndonesia, manuscript.Gehrig, Thomas and Peter J.Jost.1995. Quacks, Lemons and Self Regulation:A Welfare Analysis, Journal of Regulatory Economics 7: 309 325.Grootaert, Christiaan.1998. Child Labor in Côte d Ivoire: Incidence andDeterminants, in Christiaan Grootaert and Harry Patrinos (eds.), The PolicyAnalysis of Child Labor: A Comparative Study.The World Bank, in process.Grootaert, Christiaan and Ravi Kanbur.1995. Child Labour: An EconomicPerspective, International Labour Review 134: 187 203.Human Rights Watch.1995.Contemporary Forms of Slavery in Pakistan.New York:Human Rights Watch.Human Rights Watch.1996.The Small Hands of Slavery: Bonded Child Labor inIndia.New York: Human Rights Watch.International Labour Organization (ILO).1996a.Directorate of Labour Welfare andthe International Programme for the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), ChildLabour in the Football Manufacturing Industry.Geneva: ILO. b723_Chapter-18.qxd 7/15/2009 10:02 AM Page 742742 D.K.Brown, A.V.Deardorff & R.M.SternInternational Labour Organization (ILO).1996b.Economically Active Populations:Estimates and Projections, 1950 2010.Geneva: ILO.International Labour Organization (ILO).1996c.International Programme on theElimination of Child Labour (IPEC) Brochure.Geneva: ILO.Khan, Fawad Usman.1996.Child Protection from Exploitative and HazardousLabour.Kasur, Pakistan.Krueger, Alan.1997. International Labor Standards and Trade, in Annual WorldBank Conference on Development Economics 1996.Washington, D.C.: The WorldBank, pp.281 302.Kruse, Douglas and Douglas Mahony.1998. Illegal Child Labor in the UnitedStates: Prevalence and Characteristics, Working Paper 6479, National Bureau ofEconomic Research.Leamer, Edward E.and James Levinsohn.1995. International Trade Theory: TheEvidence, in Grossman and Rogoff (eds.), Handbook of International Economics,Vol.III.Amsterdam: North-Holland.Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).1996.Trade,Employment and Labour Standards: A Study of Core Workers Rights andInternational Trade.Paris: OECD.Palma, Andre de and Raymond Deneckere.1995. The Market for Audit Servicesand Mandatory Rotation, manuscript.Rodrik, Dani.1996 [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]
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.So far, this role has been a very limited one, limited bythe licensing fees that labelers can collect and by the generosity of cor-porations.What is really needed, we believe, is for the public torecognize the true problems of child poverty, not child labor, and forthem to contribute, in whatever ways can be designed, to programsthat will help children in poverty.If the desire for profits by corpora-tions can be harnessed to this end, that is all to the good, but thefocus must be on getting resources from those who have them, tothose who have not.Study Questions1.What are the principal determinants of child labor? What arethe global estimates of the numbers of child labor and thechanges in child labor that have occurred? To what extent arechildren employed in export industries in developing coun-tries? What is the evidence on the working conditions of childlabor?2.What are the U.S.policies and programs that are designed todeter the foreign employment and exploitation of child labor:trade policies; ILO programs; supra-national measures; codes ofconduct for multinational firms; and consumer labeling? b723_Chapter-18.qxd 7/15/2009 10:02 AM Page 740740 D.K.Brown, A.V.Deardorff & R.M.Stern3.What are modeling features used to analyze the supply of parentand child labor and policies designed to reduce child labor?4.To what extent may trade policies be effective in reducing childlabor? ILO programs and/or WTO measures? Codes of conductand labeling?ReferencesAlam, Asad.1992.Labor Standards and Comparative Advantage.Unpublisheddoctoral dissertation, Columbia University.Ashagrie, Kebebew.1993. Statistics on Child Labour, Bulletin of Labour Statistics3: 11 24.Bagwell, Kyle and Robert W.Staiger.1989. The Role of Export SubsidiesWhen Product Quality is Unknown, Journal of International Economics27: 69 89.Bagwell, Kyle and Robert W.Staiger.1998. The Simple Economics of LaborStandards and the GATT, in Alan V.Deardorff and Robert M.Stern (eds.), SocialDimensions of U.S.Trade Policies.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, forth-coming.Basu, Kaushik.1998. Child Labor: Cause, Consequence and Cure, withRemarks on International Labor Standards, Journal of Economic Literature,forthcoming.Basu, Kaushik and Pham Hoang Van.1998. The Economics of Child Labor, American Economic Review 88: 412 427.Brown, Drusilla K.1998. A Transactions Cost Politics Analysis of InternationalChild Labor Standards, in Alan V.Deardorff and Robert M.Stern (eds.), SocialDimensions of U.S.Trade Policies.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, forth-coming.Brown, Drusilla K., Alan V.Deardorff, and Robert M.Stern.1996. InternationalLabor Standards and Trade: A Theoretical Analysis, in Jagdish Bhagwati andRobert Hudec (eds.), Harmonization and Fair Trade: Prerequisites for Free Trade?Cambridge: MIT Press.Brown, Drusilla K., Alan V.Deardorff, and Robert M.Stern.1998a. Issues ofEnvironmental and Labor Standards in the Global Trading System, in Stanley W.Black (ed.), Globalization, Technological Change, and Labor Markets.Amsterdam:Kluwer Academic Press.Brown, Drusilla K., Alan V.Deardorff, and Robert M.Stern.1998b. Trade andLabor Standards, Open Economies Review 9: 171 194.Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S.Department of Labor.1994.By the Sweatand Toil of Children, Volume I, The Use of Child Labor in American Imports, b723_Chapter-18.qxd 7/15/2009 10:02 AM Page 741U.S.Trade and Other Policy Options and Programs to Deter Child Labor 741A Report to the Committee on Appropriations, United States Congress.Washington, D.C.: U.S.Department of Labor.Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S.Department of Labor.1995.By the Sweatand Toil of Children, Volume II, The Use of Child Labor in U.S.AgriculturalImports & Forced and Bonded Child Labor, A Report to the Committee onAppropriations, U.S.Congress.Washington, D.C.: U.S.Department of Labor.Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S.Department of Labor.1996.By the Sweatand Toil of Children, Volume III, The Apparel Industry and Codes of Conduct:A Solution to the International Child Labor Problem? Washington, D.C.: U.S.Department of Labor.Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S.Department of Labor.1997.By the Sweatand Toil of Children, Volume IV, Consumer Labels and Child Labor.Washington,D.C.: U.S.Department of Labor.Davis, Donald R.1996. Trade Liberalization and Income Distribution, in process,July.Deardorff, Alan V.1979. Weak Links in the Chain of Comparative Advantage, Journal of International Economics 9: 197 209.Donabedian, Bairj.1995. Self-Regulation and the Enforcement of ProfessionalCodes, Public Choice 85: 107 118.Donnenfeld, Shabtai, Shlomo Weber, and Uri Ben-Zion.1985. Import Controlsunder Imperfect Information, Journal of International Economics 19(3/4):341 354.Freeman, Richard B.1994. A Hard-Headed Look at Labor Standards, inInternational Labor Standards and Global Economic Integration: Proceedings of aSymposium.Washington D.C.: U.S.Department of Labor, Bureau of InternationalLabor Affairs.Galasso, Emanuela.1998. Intra-Household Allocation and Child Labor inIndonesia, manuscript.Gehrig, Thomas and Peter J.Jost.1995. Quacks, Lemons and Self Regulation:A Welfare Analysis, Journal of Regulatory Economics 7: 309 325.Grootaert, Christiaan.1998. Child Labor in Côte d Ivoire: Incidence andDeterminants, in Christiaan Grootaert and Harry Patrinos (eds.), The PolicyAnalysis of Child Labor: A Comparative Study.The World Bank, in process.Grootaert, Christiaan and Ravi Kanbur.1995. Child Labour: An EconomicPerspective, International Labour Review 134: 187 203.Human Rights Watch.1995.Contemporary Forms of Slavery in Pakistan.New York:Human Rights Watch.Human Rights Watch.1996.The Small Hands of Slavery: Bonded Child Labor inIndia.New York: Human Rights Watch.International Labour Organization (ILO).1996a.Directorate of Labour Welfare andthe International Programme for the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), ChildLabour in the Football Manufacturing Industry.Geneva: ILO. b723_Chapter-18.qxd 7/15/2009 10:02 AM Page 742742 D.K.Brown, A.V.Deardorff & R.M.SternInternational Labour Organization (ILO).1996b.Economically Active Populations:Estimates and Projections, 1950 2010.Geneva: ILO.International Labour Organization (ILO).1996c.International Programme on theElimination of Child Labour (IPEC) Brochure.Geneva: ILO.Khan, Fawad Usman.1996.Child Protection from Exploitative and HazardousLabour.Kasur, Pakistan.Krueger, Alan.1997. International Labor Standards and Trade, in Annual WorldBank Conference on Development Economics 1996.Washington, D.C.: The WorldBank, pp.281 302.Kruse, Douglas and Douglas Mahony.1998. Illegal Child Labor in the UnitedStates: Prevalence and Characteristics, Working Paper 6479, National Bureau ofEconomic Research.Leamer, Edward E.and James Levinsohn.1995. International Trade Theory: TheEvidence, in Grossman and Rogoff (eds.), Handbook of International Economics,Vol.III.Amsterdam: North-Holland.Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).1996.Trade,Employment and Labour Standards: A Study of Core Workers Rights andInternational Trade.Paris: OECD.Palma, Andre de and Raymond Deneckere.1995. The Market for Audit Servicesand Mandatory Rotation, manuscript.Rodrik, Dani.1996 [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]