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.AlthoughLocated off the eastern coast of Asia, there was little fighting in Asia, thean island nation that joined the allied victory of the alliance helped Japan Japan 39*'to emerge as the leading military Japanese were forced to buy raw ma-power in the region.Later, in 1940, terials and fuel on the open market orthe militaristic government of Japan seize what they could through mili-joined with Nazi Germany and Fas- tary action and occupation.cist Italy to form the Axis powers.Ja- The Great Depression of the1930s crushed the Japanese econ-pan s attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii,omy.High tariffs passed by the U.S.on December 7, 1941, brought theCongress brought a decline in globalUnited States into World War II(1939 1945) and ended the U.S.for- trade and shut down Japan s exportmarket.Farmers found prices foreign policy of isolationism.their goods falling, and many wereAFTER WORLD WAR Iunable to feed their families.ThisIn the years following World War I,desperation forced rural people intothe Japanese government came underthe cities, which were blighted bythe control of a strongly nationalis-overcrowding and unemployment.tic officer class.The military was de-The world economic crisis was a keytermined to expand Japanese territorycause of the Japanese military aggres-and influence throughout Asia andsion through the 1930s.IshiwaraJthe Pacific region.Japan sought to as-Kanji, a prominent army officer,Lsert its power in northern Asia.It sentwrote that:military forces to Russia during theIt is a publicly acknowledged factRussian civil war (1917 1921) tothat our national situation hasfight against the Bolsheviks, whoreached an impasse, that there iswere trying to establish a Communistno way of solving the food, pop-government there.At the end theulation, and other importantwar, specific terms of the Treaty ofproblems, and that the only pathVersailles, known as the Shantungleft open to us is development ofClause, gave Japan a mandate to gov-Manchuria and Mongolia.ern former German colonies in EastAsia.Japan became the first nation toAs the civilian government ofopenly defy the League of Nations.InJapan favored closer relations with1931, the army invaded the northernWestern countries, Japan joined theChinese province of Manchuria.League of Nations and pledged toJapan also occupied the former Ger-seek peaceful resolution of any con-man colony in the Shantung prov-flict.The military, however, operatedince.When the league demanded thatindependently of civilian leaders, andJapanese forces withdraw, Japan re-the highest Japanese officers felt nosigned from the league.The Manchu-obligation to follow the direction ofrian Incident demonstrated that thethe country s diplomats.league was ineffective in resolving in-Japan prospered during theternational disputes.At the same1920s.The country s new industriestime, Japan s civilian governmentsold to a growing international mar- came under fire from military lead-ket.Without important natural re- ers, who saw representative democ-sources of their own, however, the racy as weak and divisive. 40 Japan*'Toland, John.The Rising Sun: The DeclineU.S.REACTIONand Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936From the U.S.point of view, Japan1945.New York: Modern Library, 2003.represented a growing threat inthe western Pacific region.TheJapanese invasion of China touchedJohnson-Reed Actoff a storm of anti-Japanese opinionSee National Origins Act (1924).in the United States.When Japanjoined the Axis powers of Germanyand Italy in September 1940, theKellogg-Briand Pact (1928)United States began a rapid buildupof naval forces in the Pacific.PublicTreaty that pledged the nations thatopinion in the United States remainedsigned it to renounce war as an in-strongly antiwar, however, as isola- strument of foreign policy.It wastionist groups such as the Americanamed for the two men who createdFirst Committee warned against anyit, U.S.secretary of state Frank Kel-foreign entanglements.logg and French foreign ministerIn 1941, when the United StatesAristide Briand.Isolationists in thebanned the export of petroleum,United States favored the pact; theywhich was essential to Japan s econ-saw it as a promising means to avoidomy, the Japanese leadership treatedforeign wars.this move as a hostile act.JapaneseAfter an armistice had ended themilitary leaders favored a surprise at-fighting in World War I (1914 1918),tack to cripple U.S.naval assets.As athe U.S.Senate had failed to ratifyresult, the Japanese attacked the U.S.the Treaty of Versailles.The Unitednaval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, onStates still came under pressureDecember 7, 1941.This aggressivefrom its allies in Europe, and fromaction brought about the entry of theadvocates of the League of Nations,United States into the war againstto sign some sort of internationalJapan and the other Axis powers, thuspeace agreement.Two scholars, Nich-ending the U.S.foreign policy ofolas Murray Butler and James T.Shot-isolationism.well, proposed an internationalagreement that specifically outlawedSee also: America First Committee;war.Their idea was taken up by Aris-Axis Powers; League of Nations; Pearltide Briand, the foreign minister ofHarbor; Russian Revolution and CivilFrance, who published an open let-War; World War II.ter to the U.S.government in April1927 proposing a treaty between theFURTHERREADINGtwo nations.Bix, Herbert.Hirohito and the Making ofModern Japan.New York: Harper Peren-U.S.REACTIONnial, 2001.President Calvin Coolidge (1923Henshall, Kenneth G.A History of Japan, Sec-1929) and his secretary of state, Frankond Edition: From Stone Age to Super-Kellogg, had strong reservationspower.London: Palgrave Macmillan,2004.against such a treaty [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.AlthoughLocated off the eastern coast of Asia, there was little fighting in Asia, thean island nation that joined the allied victory of the alliance helped Japan Japan 39*'to emerge as the leading military Japanese were forced to buy raw ma-power in the region.Later, in 1940, terials and fuel on the open market orthe militaristic government of Japan seize what they could through mili-joined with Nazi Germany and Fas- tary action and occupation.cist Italy to form the Axis powers.Ja- The Great Depression of the1930s crushed the Japanese econ-pan s attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii,omy.High tariffs passed by the U.S.on December 7, 1941, brought theCongress brought a decline in globalUnited States into World War II(1939 1945) and ended the U.S.for- trade and shut down Japan s exportmarket.Farmers found prices foreign policy of isolationism.their goods falling, and many wereAFTER WORLD WAR Iunable to feed their families.ThisIn the years following World War I,desperation forced rural people intothe Japanese government came underthe cities, which were blighted bythe control of a strongly nationalis-overcrowding and unemployment.tic officer class.The military was de-The world economic crisis was a keytermined to expand Japanese territorycause of the Japanese military aggres-and influence throughout Asia andsion through the 1930s.IshiwaraJthe Pacific region.Japan sought to as-Kanji, a prominent army officer,Lsert its power in northern Asia.It sentwrote that:military forces to Russia during theIt is a publicly acknowledged factRussian civil war (1917 1921) tothat our national situation hasfight against the Bolsheviks, whoreached an impasse, that there iswere trying to establish a Communistno way of solving the food, pop-government there.At the end theulation, and other importantwar, specific terms of the Treaty ofproblems, and that the only pathVersailles, known as the Shantungleft open to us is development ofClause, gave Japan a mandate to gov-Manchuria and Mongolia.ern former German colonies in EastAsia.Japan became the first nation toAs the civilian government ofopenly defy the League of Nations.InJapan favored closer relations with1931, the army invaded the northernWestern countries, Japan joined theChinese province of Manchuria.League of Nations and pledged toJapan also occupied the former Ger-seek peaceful resolution of any con-man colony in the Shantung prov-flict.The military, however, operatedince.When the league demanded thatindependently of civilian leaders, andJapanese forces withdraw, Japan re-the highest Japanese officers felt nosigned from the league.The Manchu-obligation to follow the direction ofrian Incident demonstrated that thethe country s diplomats.league was ineffective in resolving in-Japan prospered during theternational disputes.At the same1920s.The country s new industriestime, Japan s civilian governmentsold to a growing international mar- came under fire from military lead-ket.Without important natural re- ers, who saw representative democ-sources of their own, however, the racy as weak and divisive. 40 Japan*'Toland, John.The Rising Sun: The DeclineU.S.REACTIONand Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936From the U.S.point of view, Japan1945.New York: Modern Library, 2003.represented a growing threat inthe western Pacific region.TheJapanese invasion of China touchedJohnson-Reed Actoff a storm of anti-Japanese opinionSee National Origins Act (1924).in the United States.When Japanjoined the Axis powers of Germanyand Italy in September 1940, theKellogg-Briand Pact (1928)United States began a rapid buildupof naval forces in the Pacific.PublicTreaty that pledged the nations thatopinion in the United States remainedsigned it to renounce war as an in-strongly antiwar, however, as isola- strument of foreign policy.It wastionist groups such as the Americanamed for the two men who createdFirst Committee warned against anyit, U.S.secretary of state Frank Kel-foreign entanglements.logg and French foreign ministerIn 1941, when the United StatesAristide Briand.Isolationists in thebanned the export of petroleum,United States favored the pact; theywhich was essential to Japan s econ-saw it as a promising means to avoidomy, the Japanese leadership treatedforeign wars.this move as a hostile act.JapaneseAfter an armistice had ended themilitary leaders favored a surprise at-fighting in World War I (1914 1918),tack to cripple U.S.naval assets.As athe U.S.Senate had failed to ratifyresult, the Japanese attacked the U.S.the Treaty of Versailles.The Unitednaval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, onStates still came under pressureDecember 7, 1941.This aggressivefrom its allies in Europe, and fromaction brought about the entry of theadvocates of the League of Nations,United States into the war againstto sign some sort of internationalJapan and the other Axis powers, thuspeace agreement.Two scholars, Nich-ending the U.S.foreign policy ofolas Murray Butler and James T.Shot-isolationism.well, proposed an internationalagreement that specifically outlawedSee also: America First Committee;war.Their idea was taken up by Aris-Axis Powers; League of Nations; Pearltide Briand, the foreign minister ofHarbor; Russian Revolution and CivilFrance, who published an open let-War; World War II.ter to the U.S.government in April1927 proposing a treaty between theFURTHERREADINGtwo nations.Bix, Herbert.Hirohito and the Making ofModern Japan.New York: Harper Peren-U.S.REACTIONnial, 2001.President Calvin Coolidge (1923Henshall, Kenneth G.A History of Japan, Sec-1929) and his secretary of state, Frankond Edition: From Stone Age to Super-Kellogg, had strong reservationspower.London: Palgrave Macmillan,2004.against such a treaty [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]