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.99This reference to necessary arguments prompts King Robert to inquire if everything that he has heardfrom the bishop in the course of their discussion is really true.Adalbero then sets out to defend thetruthfulness of the fabulous imagery found in the first half of the poem.Their dialogue proceeds as follows:King: Are all of these things proven through these kinds of necessary arguments?Bishop: There is another hammer, the plausible case, and here it is:I have discovered what I have arranged, not unmindful of these things.I speak for the present, and what I say is true.King: It is not right to call true that which is not true;Fiction does not imitate truth, nor is it said to.Bishop: But I have spoken the truth; you know that I have not exceeded its bounds.Neither song nor tale soothes my fancy.You should know that these things did not happen, but all of them could have happened.10091For Adalbero s education see Coolidge, Adalbero , 7 10; and Carozzi, ed., Poème au roi Robert.For evidence of hisknowledge of Victorinus and his use of classical rhetoric in the Carmen, see Carozzi, ed., Poème au roi Robert.92Carmen ad Rotbertum regem, ll.114; 155 7.93For this medieval literary topos see Ernst Robert Curtius, European literature and the Latin middle ages, trans.Willard R.Trask(Princeton, NJ, 1990), 94 8.94Carmen ad Rotbertum regem, ll.37 44; 142 62.95Carmen ad Rotbertum regem, ll.169 70: Credere vera dehinc super his non falsa notavi./ Ordinis est igitur haec trans-formatio regni.96Carmen ad Rotbertum regem, ll.295 6: Triplex ergo Dei domus est quae creditur una./ Nunc orant, alii pugnant aliiquelaborant.97Carmen ad Rotbertum regem, ll.306 45.See Poème au roi Robert, ed.Carozzi, xxxii xxxiii.98Carmen ad Rotbertum regem, l.318: Spiritus his resonat non me dementia torquet; and l.342: Intellectibili sensu sunt haeccapienda.99Carmen ad Rotbertum regem, l.344 5: Dico necessarium quod quaelibet exigit harum / Argumenta necessario dicuntur etista.100Carmen ad Rotbertum regem, ll.347 54: Rex: Cuncta neccessariis argumentantur ab istis? / Praesul: Malleus alter adest quicausa probabilis, hic est: / Inveni quod disposui, non immemor horum, / Eloquor in presens et quod pronuncio verum./ Rex:Quod non est verum, non est fas dicere verum / Fabula non similat verum, nec dicitur esse./ Praesul: En dixi verum, scis nonexcedere verum; / Nenia nulla meum nec fabula mulcet amorem./ Non sic gesta scias, sed cuncta geri potuisse.Downloaded by [Uniwersytet Warszawski] at 05:07 22 January 2014 238 J.C.Lake / Journal of Medieval History 35 (2009) 221 238The most recent editor of the Carmen, Claude Carozzi, points out that this exchange is really a disputeabout how to classify Adalbero s narrative.101 The king at first dismisses it as fabula d something that isneither true nor has the appearance of truth d while Adalbero implies that he has, on the contrary, createdan argumentum d a narrative that, while fictional, nonetheless could have occurred.Neither one supposesthat what Adalbero has described is historia, that is, an account of actual occurrences.Nonetheless,Adalbero still claims the mantle of truth for his work (En dixi verum), while simultaneously admitting thatmuch of what he has described it is merely plausible (Non sic gesta scias, sed cuncta geri potuisse)!This short passage is a neat encapsulation both of the malleability of the word true when applied tomedieval narratives and of the anxiety that plausible fictions might engender in their audience.We,like Robert the Pious, may suspect that much of what we read in medieval histories is merely plausible,even as we confront the formulaic assurances of historians that what they write is true.For us, thecontradiction between truth and plausibility is clear.Yet the histories of Richer and Dudo, and theCarmen ad Rotbertum regem of Adalbero of Laon, show very clearly that in the middle ages narrativeplausibility was not seen to be incompatible with historical truth [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]
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.99This reference to necessary arguments prompts King Robert to inquire if everything that he has heardfrom the bishop in the course of their discussion is really true.Adalbero then sets out to defend thetruthfulness of the fabulous imagery found in the first half of the poem.Their dialogue proceeds as follows:King: Are all of these things proven through these kinds of necessary arguments?Bishop: There is another hammer, the plausible case, and here it is:I have discovered what I have arranged, not unmindful of these things.I speak for the present, and what I say is true.King: It is not right to call true that which is not true;Fiction does not imitate truth, nor is it said to.Bishop: But I have spoken the truth; you know that I have not exceeded its bounds.Neither song nor tale soothes my fancy.You should know that these things did not happen, but all of them could have happened.10091For Adalbero s education see Coolidge, Adalbero , 7 10; and Carozzi, ed., Poème au roi Robert.For evidence of hisknowledge of Victorinus and his use of classical rhetoric in the Carmen, see Carozzi, ed., Poème au roi Robert.92Carmen ad Rotbertum regem, ll.114; 155 7.93For this medieval literary topos see Ernst Robert Curtius, European literature and the Latin middle ages, trans.Willard R.Trask(Princeton, NJ, 1990), 94 8.94Carmen ad Rotbertum regem, ll.37 44; 142 62.95Carmen ad Rotbertum regem, ll.169 70: Credere vera dehinc super his non falsa notavi./ Ordinis est igitur haec trans-formatio regni.96Carmen ad Rotbertum regem, ll.295 6: Triplex ergo Dei domus est quae creditur una./ Nunc orant, alii pugnant aliiquelaborant.97Carmen ad Rotbertum regem, ll.306 45.See Poème au roi Robert, ed.Carozzi, xxxii xxxiii.98Carmen ad Rotbertum regem, l.318: Spiritus his resonat non me dementia torquet; and l.342: Intellectibili sensu sunt haeccapienda.99Carmen ad Rotbertum regem, l.344 5: Dico necessarium quod quaelibet exigit harum / Argumenta necessario dicuntur etista.100Carmen ad Rotbertum regem, ll.347 54: Rex: Cuncta neccessariis argumentantur ab istis? / Praesul: Malleus alter adest quicausa probabilis, hic est: / Inveni quod disposui, non immemor horum, / Eloquor in presens et quod pronuncio verum./ Rex:Quod non est verum, non est fas dicere verum / Fabula non similat verum, nec dicitur esse./ Praesul: En dixi verum, scis nonexcedere verum; / Nenia nulla meum nec fabula mulcet amorem./ Non sic gesta scias, sed cuncta geri potuisse.Downloaded by [Uniwersytet Warszawski] at 05:07 22 January 2014 238 J.C.Lake / Journal of Medieval History 35 (2009) 221 238The most recent editor of the Carmen, Claude Carozzi, points out that this exchange is really a disputeabout how to classify Adalbero s narrative.101 The king at first dismisses it as fabula d something that isneither true nor has the appearance of truth d while Adalbero implies that he has, on the contrary, createdan argumentum d a narrative that, while fictional, nonetheless could have occurred.Neither one supposesthat what Adalbero has described is historia, that is, an account of actual occurrences.Nonetheless,Adalbero still claims the mantle of truth for his work (En dixi verum), while simultaneously admitting thatmuch of what he has described it is merely plausible (Non sic gesta scias, sed cuncta geri potuisse)!This short passage is a neat encapsulation both of the malleability of the word true when applied tomedieval narratives and of the anxiety that plausible fictions might engender in their audience.We,like Robert the Pious, may suspect that much of what we read in medieval histories is merely plausible,even as we confront the formulaic assurances of historians that what they write is true.For us, thecontradiction between truth and plausibility is clear.Yet the histories of Richer and Dudo, and theCarmen ad Rotbertum regem of Adalbero of Laon, show very clearly that in the middle ages narrativeplausibility was not seen to be incompatible with historical truth [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]