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.6Number of officials and private citizens prosecuted in public corruption cases, selected years 1986 20051986 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2004 2005Federal officialsCharged 596 651 695 803 627 527 459 480 502 479 424 445Convicted 523 545 610 665 595 438 392 460 414 421 381 390Awaiting trial as of 12/31 83 118 126 149 133 120 83 101 131 129 98 118State officialsCharged 88 102 71 115 113 61 51 115 95 94 111 961Convicted 71 76 54 77 133 61 49 80 61 87 81 94Awaiting trial as of 12/31 24 26 18 42 39 23 20 44 75 38 48 51Local officialsCharged 232 246 269 242 309 236 255 237 224 259 268 309Convicted 207 204 201 180 272 191 169 219 184 119 252 232Awaiting trial as of 12/31 55 89 122 88 132 89 118 95 110 106 105 148Private citizensCharged 292 277 313 292 322 227 292 302 266 318 410 313Convicted 225 256 284 272 362 188 243 306 261 241 306 311Awaiting trial as of 12/31 84 135 109 67 99 91 106 89 121 139 168 134TotalsCharged 1,208 1,276 1,348 1,452 1,371 1,051 1,057 1,134 1,087 1,150 1,213 1,163Convicted 1,026 1,081 1,149 1,194 1,362 878 853 1,065 920 868 1,020 1,027Awaiting trial as of 12/31 246 368 375 346 403 32 327 329 437 412 419 451SOURCE: Adapted from Table II.Progress over the Last Two Decades: Federal Prosecutions of Public Corruption by U.S.Attorneys Offices, in Report toCongress on the Activities and Operations of the Public Integrity Section for 2005, U.S.Department of Justice Criminal Division, 2006, http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/pin/AnnReport_05.pdf (accessed January 17, 2007)they have won a free prize, but must pay postage and mental enforcement.Even when a problem is known tohandling to receive it.They are told a credit card number exist, environmental crime cases are often difficult tois needed to pay these costs.The thieves then use the prosecute due to their complex nature.The ramificationscredit card number to buy items and to get cash.The of pollution may take years to realize as pollutantselderly are also susceptible to repairmen who stop by and become dispersed in the environment.In addition, finan-say they can fix their homes.The workers may do the cial penalties are often low enough to make it worth therepair work, but it is shoddy and overpriced.If the elderly risk for companies to flout the regulations.The moretry to complain, the repairmen are no longer in the area, common means of enforcing environmental laws ispossibly not even in the state.through regulatory action by government agencies andthe application of civil penalties to those who violate theA more elaborate scam involves a con artist, actingregulations.as a bank official, telling the elderly person that a partic-ular bank teller is giving out counterfeit bills and that the During fiscal year 2006 the Environmental Protectionbank needs help in catching the teller.The elderly personAgency (EPA) initiated 305 criminal complaint cases andgoes to the teller s window and withdraws a large sum ofcharged 278 defendants with environmental crimesmoney.The victim then gives the money to the bank( EPA Enforcement Cuts Total Pollution by Record 3official to be examined.The bank official assures theBillion Pounds Over Last Three Years Air Pollutioncustomer that the money will be redeposited in his or herReductions Alone Result in Health Benefits of $3.5account; of course, it never is.Billion Yearly, November 15, 2006, http://yosemite.epa.gov/).Together these defendants received a total 154months in prison and were required to pay $43 million inENVIRONMENTAL CRIMEfines in addition to $29 million for environmental rehabil-Environmental crime involves illegally polluting theitation.Additional enforcement actions resulted in agree-air, water, or ground.Sometimes firms dump hazardousments to pay $391 million to clean up 15 million cubicmaterials and waste.To investigate properly, local, state,yards of contaminated soil and approximately 1.3 billionnational, and international agencies often need to coop-cubic yards of contaminated groundwater at waste sites anderate.It is not unusual for environmental criminals totransport hazardous waste across state or international $4.9 billion to reduce pollution and achieve complianceborders for disposal in places with less stringent environ- with environmental laws.70 White-Collar Crime Crime, Prisons, and Jails CHAPTER 5CONTROLLING CRIMESystems are in place in the United States to prevent in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.(See Tableand deter crime.When these efforts fall short and a crime 5.2.) Although the number of officers killed increased inis committed, the justice system of the United States goes 1997 and 2001, in general the number of law enforcementinto action.The system has three major components that murders has declined, from61 in 1996 to 55 in 2005.work together:" Law enforcement agencies gather evidence and cap- FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENTture suspected perpetrators.According to Brian A.Reaves of the Bureau ofJustice Statistics (BJS) in Federal Law Enforcement Offi-" The judicial system tries perpetrators in a court of lawcers, 2004 (June 2006, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/and, if they are found guilty, sentences them to apdf/fleo04.pdf), federal agencies in September 2004period of incarceration or some other form of punish-employed about 105,000 full-time officers who werement, restitution, and/or treatment.authorized to make arrests and carry guns.This figure" Correction agencies house convicted criminals in pris-reflects a 13% increase from 2002.Of the major federalons, jails, treatment centers, or other places of con-law enforcement employers in 2005, the U.S.Customsfinement.and Border Protection employed the highest number(27,705), followed by the Federal Bureau of Prisons(15,214) and the FBI (12,242).(See Table 5.3.)CITY, COUNTY, AND STATE LAWENFORCEMENT The BJS reports that in 2005 about 84% of federalofficers were male.Of agencies employing five hundredThe vast majority of law enforcement in the Unitedor more full-time officers with arrest and firearm author-States is carried out by local and state agencies.Accord-ity, the Administrative Office of the U.S.Courtsing to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in itsemployed the highest percentage of women, 44.2%, andUniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program, in 2005 thethe U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service had the smallest pro-United States had 14,291 city, county, and state policeportion, 8.7%, of female officers.(See Table 5.4.) Theagencies.(See Table 5.1.) In 2005 the United States hadU.S.Customs and Border Protection had the largest969,070 full-time law enforcement employees, includingminority percentage, 46.8%.About two-fifths of the offi-673,146 sworn police officers and 295,924 civiliancers at the Veterans Health Administration (40.1%) andemployees.A significant majority (88.4%) of police offi-the Federal Bureau of Prisons (39.7%) were members ofcers were male, while 61.8% of civilian employees werea racial or ethnic minority group.female.Suburban counties employed 438,747 lawenforcement personnel, and all cities with populationsof 250,000 or more employed 202,230 law enforcementGOALS OF THE CORRECTIONS SYSTEMpersonnel.All cities with populations of one million orThe corrections system operates prisons, overseesmore employed 110,340 law enforcement personnel.parole, and administers probation.Parole and probationare systems for monitoring and controlling criminals with-Killed in the Line of Dutyout removing them from the general population [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.6Number of officials and private citizens prosecuted in public corruption cases, selected years 1986 20051986 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2004 2005Federal officialsCharged 596 651 695 803 627 527 459 480 502 479 424 445Convicted 523 545 610 665 595 438 392 460 414 421 381 390Awaiting trial as of 12/31 83 118 126 149 133 120 83 101 131 129 98 118State officialsCharged 88 102 71 115 113 61 51 115 95 94 111 961Convicted 71 76 54 77 133 61 49 80 61 87 81 94Awaiting trial as of 12/31 24 26 18 42 39 23 20 44 75 38 48 51Local officialsCharged 232 246 269 242 309 236 255 237 224 259 268 309Convicted 207 204 201 180 272 191 169 219 184 119 252 232Awaiting trial as of 12/31 55 89 122 88 132 89 118 95 110 106 105 148Private citizensCharged 292 277 313 292 322 227 292 302 266 318 410 313Convicted 225 256 284 272 362 188 243 306 261 241 306 311Awaiting trial as of 12/31 84 135 109 67 99 91 106 89 121 139 168 134TotalsCharged 1,208 1,276 1,348 1,452 1,371 1,051 1,057 1,134 1,087 1,150 1,213 1,163Convicted 1,026 1,081 1,149 1,194 1,362 878 853 1,065 920 868 1,020 1,027Awaiting trial as of 12/31 246 368 375 346 403 32 327 329 437 412 419 451SOURCE: Adapted from Table II.Progress over the Last Two Decades: Federal Prosecutions of Public Corruption by U.S.Attorneys Offices, in Report toCongress on the Activities and Operations of the Public Integrity Section for 2005, U.S.Department of Justice Criminal Division, 2006, http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/pin/AnnReport_05.pdf (accessed January 17, 2007)they have won a free prize, but must pay postage and mental enforcement.Even when a problem is known tohandling to receive it.They are told a credit card number exist, environmental crime cases are often difficult tois needed to pay these costs.The thieves then use the prosecute due to their complex nature.The ramificationscredit card number to buy items and to get cash.The of pollution may take years to realize as pollutantselderly are also susceptible to repairmen who stop by and become dispersed in the environment.In addition, finan-say they can fix their homes.The workers may do the cial penalties are often low enough to make it worth therepair work, but it is shoddy and overpriced.If the elderly risk for companies to flout the regulations.The moretry to complain, the repairmen are no longer in the area, common means of enforcing environmental laws ispossibly not even in the state.through regulatory action by government agencies andthe application of civil penalties to those who violate theA more elaborate scam involves a con artist, actingregulations.as a bank official, telling the elderly person that a partic-ular bank teller is giving out counterfeit bills and that the During fiscal year 2006 the Environmental Protectionbank needs help in catching the teller.The elderly personAgency (EPA) initiated 305 criminal complaint cases andgoes to the teller s window and withdraws a large sum ofcharged 278 defendants with environmental crimesmoney.The victim then gives the money to the bank( EPA Enforcement Cuts Total Pollution by Record 3official to be examined.The bank official assures theBillion Pounds Over Last Three Years Air Pollutioncustomer that the money will be redeposited in his or herReductions Alone Result in Health Benefits of $3.5account; of course, it never is.Billion Yearly, November 15, 2006, http://yosemite.epa.gov/).Together these defendants received a total 154months in prison and were required to pay $43 million inENVIRONMENTAL CRIMEfines in addition to $29 million for environmental rehabil-Environmental crime involves illegally polluting theitation.Additional enforcement actions resulted in agree-air, water, or ground.Sometimes firms dump hazardousments to pay $391 million to clean up 15 million cubicmaterials and waste.To investigate properly, local, state,yards of contaminated soil and approximately 1.3 billionnational, and international agencies often need to coop-cubic yards of contaminated groundwater at waste sites anderate.It is not unusual for environmental criminals totransport hazardous waste across state or international $4.9 billion to reduce pollution and achieve complianceborders for disposal in places with less stringent environ- with environmental laws.70 White-Collar Crime Crime, Prisons, and Jails CHAPTER 5CONTROLLING CRIMESystems are in place in the United States to prevent in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.(See Tableand deter crime.When these efforts fall short and a crime 5.2.) Although the number of officers killed increased inis committed, the justice system of the United States goes 1997 and 2001, in general the number of law enforcementinto action.The system has three major components that murders has declined, from61 in 1996 to 55 in 2005.work together:" Law enforcement agencies gather evidence and cap- FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENTture suspected perpetrators.According to Brian A.Reaves of the Bureau ofJustice Statistics (BJS) in Federal Law Enforcement Offi-" The judicial system tries perpetrators in a court of lawcers, 2004 (June 2006, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/and, if they are found guilty, sentences them to apdf/fleo04.pdf), federal agencies in September 2004period of incarceration or some other form of punish-employed about 105,000 full-time officers who werement, restitution, and/or treatment.authorized to make arrests and carry guns.This figure" Correction agencies house convicted criminals in pris-reflects a 13% increase from 2002.Of the major federalons, jails, treatment centers, or other places of con-law enforcement employers in 2005, the U.S.Customsfinement.and Border Protection employed the highest number(27,705), followed by the Federal Bureau of Prisons(15,214) and the FBI (12,242).(See Table 5.3.)CITY, COUNTY, AND STATE LAWENFORCEMENT The BJS reports that in 2005 about 84% of federalofficers were male.Of agencies employing five hundredThe vast majority of law enforcement in the Unitedor more full-time officers with arrest and firearm author-States is carried out by local and state agencies.Accord-ity, the Administrative Office of the U.S.Courtsing to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in itsemployed the highest percentage of women, 44.2%, andUniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program, in 2005 thethe U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service had the smallest pro-United States had 14,291 city, county, and state policeportion, 8.7%, of female officers.(See Table 5.4.) Theagencies.(See Table 5.1.) In 2005 the United States hadU.S.Customs and Border Protection had the largest969,070 full-time law enforcement employees, includingminority percentage, 46.8%.About two-fifths of the offi-673,146 sworn police officers and 295,924 civiliancers at the Veterans Health Administration (40.1%) andemployees.A significant majority (88.4%) of police offi-the Federal Bureau of Prisons (39.7%) were members ofcers were male, while 61.8% of civilian employees werea racial or ethnic minority group.female.Suburban counties employed 438,747 lawenforcement personnel, and all cities with populationsof 250,000 or more employed 202,230 law enforcementGOALS OF THE CORRECTIONS SYSTEMpersonnel.All cities with populations of one million orThe corrections system operates prisons, overseesmore employed 110,340 law enforcement personnel.parole, and administers probation.Parole and probationare systems for monitoring and controlling criminals with-Killed in the Line of Dutyout removing them from the general population [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]