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.Truman Library;Speech Draft, Fourth Draft, Papers of Clark M.CliVord, Presidential SpeechFile, Box 29, Harry S.Truman Library.51.For example, Lamar Candle of the Justice Department submitted his commentson a draft of the speech, but his suggestions are marked “Arrived too late for usto use any of the changes he proposed.” Speech Draft, Lamar Candle, June 29,1947, Papers of George M.Elsey, Speech File, Box 17.52.Eugene E.White and Clair R.Henderlider, “What Harry S.Truman Told Usabout His Speaking,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 40 (1954): 41.53.All quotations from the speech are taken from the version printed in the PublicNotes to Pages 38–43 ■ 227Papers, 1947, pp.311–13, edited to include minor changes during the actual delivery (from an audio recording of the speech in the author’s possession, available onThe Selected Speeches of Harry S.Truman, 1945–1947, Harry S.Truman Library).54.Truman, Public Papers, 1947, 98.55.McCoy and Ruetten, Quest and Response, 55.56.The deWnition of crisis rhetoric suggested here is taken from Amos Kiewe, ed.,The Modern Presidency and Crisis Rhetoric (Westport: Praeger, 1994), xvii.57.Murray Edelman, Constructing the Political Spectacle (Chicago: University of Chi-cago Press, 1988), 12.58.Sacvan Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad (Madison: University of WisconsinPress, 1978), 159.59.“Democratic Elections—In Poland,” Crisis, Mar., 1947, 75; “Foreign Policy andFEPC,” Crisis, May, 1947, 137.60.Sacvan Bercovitch, Rites of Asset: Transformations in the Symbolic Construction ofAmerica (New York: Routledge, 1993), 49.61.Martin J.Medhurst, Dwight D.Eisenhower: Strategic Communicator (Westport:Greenwood, 1993), 110–19.62.Theodore Sorensen to the President, Nov.28, 1962, Theodore C.Sorensen Pa-pers, Box 30, John F.Kennedy Library.63.Proceedings of a Meeting of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights, June 30,1947, Records of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights, Box 14, Harry S.Truman Library.64.McCoy and Ruetten, Quest and Response, 74.65.A search of the Periodicals Content Index (PCI), a computer database that in-dexes more than two thousand U.S.and international periodicals since their Wrstdate of publication, also revealed no international coverage of Truman’s address.66.The articles notes that “Truman delivered, last week, an address.intended toexhort all the people of the world.to adopt an international program for thedefense of human rights” (“Truman Contra la Discriminación,” 12).(Translatedfrom the Spanish by the author.)67.Newspaper Clipping, Daily Service, Oct.1, 1947, White House Central Files, PPF200 (Speeches), Box 306, Harry S.Truman Library.68.“Mr.Truman on Civil Rights,” St.Louis Post-Dispatch, June 30, 1947, 2C.69.Berman, Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration, 65.70.Walter White to the President, July 9, 1947, White House Central Files, PPF200 (Speeches), Box 306, Harry S.Truman Library; “Action Needed, NAACPTold,” Philadelphia Afro-American, July 5, 1947, 1; “Civil Rights, Human Free-dom,” Philadelphia Afro-American, July 5, 1947, 4.71.Berman, Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration, 64.72.“Harry Truman Speaks,” New York Age, July 12, 1947, 6.73.“Truman to the NAACP,” Crisis, Aug., 1947, 233; “Calls on U.S.Government to Leadthe Way,” Chicago Defender, July 5, 1947, 1; Louis Lautier, “Nation’s Capital,” NorfolkJournal and Guide, July 12, 1947, 7; “Mr.Roosevelt and Mr.Truman,” Pittsburgh Cou-rier, July 12, 1947, 6; “Now for the Deeds,” Chicago Defender, July 12, 1947, 14.74.“Civil Rights, Human Freedom,” 4; “Harry Truman Speaks,” 6; “President Callsfor Fair Play,” Norfolk Journal & Guide, July 5, 1957, 1; “Calls on U.S.Govern-ment to Lead the Way,” 1.75.Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S.Foreign Affairs,1935–1960 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 77–80.228■Notes to Pages 44–5576.Channing H.Tobias to the President, July 9, 1947, White House Central Files, PPF 200 (Speeches) Box 306, Harry S.Truman Library; Raymond Pace Alexanderto the President, July 15, 1947, Papers of David K.Niles, Box 27, Harry S.TrumanLibrary.Chapter Three.Dwight Eisenhower against the Extremists1.Harvard SitkoV, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954–1992, rev.ed.(New York:Hill and Wang, 1993), 25.2.Sherman Adams, Firsthand Report: The Story of the Eisenhower Administration (NewYork: Harper & Brothers, 1961), 355.3.Medhurst, Dwight D.Eisenhower, 22.4.Dwight D.Eisenhower, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: DwightD.Eisenhower, 1957 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1958), 546.5.Michael S.Mayer, “Regardless of Station, Race or Calling: Eisenhower and Race,”in Dwight D.Eisenhower: Soldier, President, Statesman, ed.Joann P.Krieg (NewYork: Greenwood, 1987), 34.6.Chester J.Pach, Jr., and Elmo Richardson, The Presidency of Dwight D.Eisenhower,rev.ed.(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 139.7.Congress, Senate, Armed Service Committee, Hearing on Universal MilitaryTraining, 80th Cong., 2nd sess., 1948.8.Mayer, “Regardless of Station, Race or Calling,” 38.9.Dwight D.Eisenhower, The White House Years: Waging Peace, 1956–1961 (GardenCity: Doubleday, 1965), 148; Arthur Larson, Eisenhower: The President NobodyKnew (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1968), 127; Roy Reed, Faubus: TheLife and Times of an American Prodigal (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press,1997), 209; Oral History Interview, James C.Hagerty (OH 91), Columbia OralHistory Project, Dwight D.Eisenhower Library.10.O’Reilly, Nixon’s Piano, 165–66.11.Pach and Richardson, Presidency of Dwight D.Eisenhower, 139.12.Earl Warren, The Memoirs of Earl Warren (Garden City: Doubleday, 1977), 291–92; Robyn DuV Ladino, Desegregating Texas Schools: Eisenhower, Shivers, and theCrisis at Mansfield High (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996), 37; EmmetJohn Hughes, The Ordeal of Power: A Political Memoir of the Eisenhower Years(New York: Atheneum, 1963), 201.13.Larson, Eisenhower: The President Nobody Knew, 127, 126.14.Allan Wolk, The Presidency and Black Civil Rights: Eisenhower to Nixon (Ruther-ford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1971), 220–21.15.Medhurst, “Eisenhower, Little Rock, and the Rhetoric of Crisis,” 21–22.16.Ladino, Desegregating Texas Schools, 55.17.James C.Duram, A Moderate among Extremists: Dwight D.Eisenhower and theSchool Desegregation Crisis (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1981), 252; Robert FrederickBurk, The Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights (Knoxville: Univer-sity of Tennessee Press, 1984), 132.18.Duram, A Moderate among Extremists, 250.19.Tony Freyer, The Little Rock Crisis: A Constitutional Interpretation (Westport:Greenwood, 1984), 120.20.Burk, Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights, 159 [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.Truman Library;Speech Draft, Fourth Draft, Papers of Clark M.CliVord, Presidential SpeechFile, Box 29, Harry S.Truman Library.51.For example, Lamar Candle of the Justice Department submitted his commentson a draft of the speech, but his suggestions are marked “Arrived too late for usto use any of the changes he proposed.” Speech Draft, Lamar Candle, June 29,1947, Papers of George M.Elsey, Speech File, Box 17.52.Eugene E.White and Clair R.Henderlider, “What Harry S.Truman Told Usabout His Speaking,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 40 (1954): 41.53.All quotations from the speech are taken from the version printed in the PublicNotes to Pages 38–43 ■ 227Papers, 1947, pp.311–13, edited to include minor changes during the actual delivery (from an audio recording of the speech in the author’s possession, available onThe Selected Speeches of Harry S.Truman, 1945–1947, Harry S.Truman Library).54.Truman, Public Papers, 1947, 98.55.McCoy and Ruetten, Quest and Response, 55.56.The deWnition of crisis rhetoric suggested here is taken from Amos Kiewe, ed.,The Modern Presidency and Crisis Rhetoric (Westport: Praeger, 1994), xvii.57.Murray Edelman, Constructing the Political Spectacle (Chicago: University of Chi-cago Press, 1988), 12.58.Sacvan Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad (Madison: University of WisconsinPress, 1978), 159.59.“Democratic Elections—In Poland,” Crisis, Mar., 1947, 75; “Foreign Policy andFEPC,” Crisis, May, 1947, 137.60.Sacvan Bercovitch, Rites of Asset: Transformations in the Symbolic Construction ofAmerica (New York: Routledge, 1993), 49.61.Martin J.Medhurst, Dwight D.Eisenhower: Strategic Communicator (Westport:Greenwood, 1993), 110–19.62.Theodore Sorensen to the President, Nov.28, 1962, Theodore C.Sorensen Pa-pers, Box 30, John F.Kennedy Library.63.Proceedings of a Meeting of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights, June 30,1947, Records of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights, Box 14, Harry S.Truman Library.64.McCoy and Ruetten, Quest and Response, 74.65.A search of the Periodicals Content Index (PCI), a computer database that in-dexes more than two thousand U.S.and international periodicals since their Wrstdate of publication, also revealed no international coverage of Truman’s address.66.The articles notes that “Truman delivered, last week, an address.intended toexhort all the people of the world.to adopt an international program for thedefense of human rights” (“Truman Contra la Discriminación,” 12).(Translatedfrom the Spanish by the author.)67.Newspaper Clipping, Daily Service, Oct.1, 1947, White House Central Files, PPF200 (Speeches), Box 306, Harry S.Truman Library.68.“Mr.Truman on Civil Rights,” St.Louis Post-Dispatch, June 30, 1947, 2C.69.Berman, Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration, 65.70.Walter White to the President, July 9, 1947, White House Central Files, PPF200 (Speeches), Box 306, Harry S.Truman Library; “Action Needed, NAACPTold,” Philadelphia Afro-American, July 5, 1947, 1; “Civil Rights, Human Free-dom,” Philadelphia Afro-American, July 5, 1947, 4.71.Berman, Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration, 64.72.“Harry Truman Speaks,” New York Age, July 12, 1947, 6.73.“Truman to the NAACP,” Crisis, Aug., 1947, 233; “Calls on U.S.Government to Leadthe Way,” Chicago Defender, July 5, 1947, 1; Louis Lautier, “Nation’s Capital,” NorfolkJournal and Guide, July 12, 1947, 7; “Mr.Roosevelt and Mr.Truman,” Pittsburgh Cou-rier, July 12, 1947, 6; “Now for the Deeds,” Chicago Defender, July 12, 1947, 14.74.“Civil Rights, Human Freedom,” 4; “Harry Truman Speaks,” 6; “President Callsfor Fair Play,” Norfolk Journal & Guide, July 5, 1957, 1; “Calls on U.S.Govern-ment to Lead the Way,” 1.75.Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S.Foreign Affairs,1935–1960 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 77–80.228■Notes to Pages 44–5576.Channing H.Tobias to the President, July 9, 1947, White House Central Files, PPF 200 (Speeches) Box 306, Harry S.Truman Library; Raymond Pace Alexanderto the President, July 15, 1947, Papers of David K.Niles, Box 27, Harry S.TrumanLibrary.Chapter Three.Dwight Eisenhower against the Extremists1.Harvard SitkoV, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954–1992, rev.ed.(New York:Hill and Wang, 1993), 25.2.Sherman Adams, Firsthand Report: The Story of the Eisenhower Administration (NewYork: Harper & Brothers, 1961), 355.3.Medhurst, Dwight D.Eisenhower, 22.4.Dwight D.Eisenhower, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: DwightD.Eisenhower, 1957 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1958), 546.5.Michael S.Mayer, “Regardless of Station, Race or Calling: Eisenhower and Race,”in Dwight D.Eisenhower: Soldier, President, Statesman, ed.Joann P.Krieg (NewYork: Greenwood, 1987), 34.6.Chester J.Pach, Jr., and Elmo Richardson, The Presidency of Dwight D.Eisenhower,rev.ed.(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 139.7.Congress, Senate, Armed Service Committee, Hearing on Universal MilitaryTraining, 80th Cong., 2nd sess., 1948.8.Mayer, “Regardless of Station, Race or Calling,” 38.9.Dwight D.Eisenhower, The White House Years: Waging Peace, 1956–1961 (GardenCity: Doubleday, 1965), 148; Arthur Larson, Eisenhower: The President NobodyKnew (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1968), 127; Roy Reed, Faubus: TheLife and Times of an American Prodigal (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press,1997), 209; Oral History Interview, James C.Hagerty (OH 91), Columbia OralHistory Project, Dwight D.Eisenhower Library.10.O’Reilly, Nixon’s Piano, 165–66.11.Pach and Richardson, Presidency of Dwight D.Eisenhower, 139.12.Earl Warren, The Memoirs of Earl Warren (Garden City: Doubleday, 1977), 291–92; Robyn DuV Ladino, Desegregating Texas Schools: Eisenhower, Shivers, and theCrisis at Mansfield High (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996), 37; EmmetJohn Hughes, The Ordeal of Power: A Political Memoir of the Eisenhower Years(New York: Atheneum, 1963), 201.13.Larson, Eisenhower: The President Nobody Knew, 127, 126.14.Allan Wolk, The Presidency and Black Civil Rights: Eisenhower to Nixon (Ruther-ford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1971), 220–21.15.Medhurst, “Eisenhower, Little Rock, and the Rhetoric of Crisis,” 21–22.16.Ladino, Desegregating Texas Schools, 55.17.James C.Duram, A Moderate among Extremists: Dwight D.Eisenhower and theSchool Desegregation Crisis (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1981), 252; Robert FrederickBurk, The Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights (Knoxville: Univer-sity of Tennessee Press, 1984), 132.18.Duram, A Moderate among Extremists, 250.19.Tony Freyer, The Little Rock Crisis: A Constitutional Interpretation (Westport:Greenwood, 1984), 120.20.Burk, Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights, 159 [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]