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.PRO HO 45, 2339.142 Harrison, Drink, p.60.143 J.C.Reid (1971) Bucks and Bruisers: Pierce Egan and Regency England, London: Routledge, p.30.144 Bell’s, 25 April 1841, 8 May 1842, 21 Sept 1845.145 Era, 1 Sept 1838, 20 Dec 1840.146 Era, 14 Feb 1841, 13 June 1841.147 Bell’s, 14 Sept 1845, 30 April 1848.148 Bell’s, 17 July 1831.149 ‘Doncaster: Its sports and saturnalia’, Bentley’s Miscellany, xx (1846), 290.150 Bourne, Newspapers, ii, pp.122–3.151 M.Ex, 13 July 1850.152 C.Chinn (1991) Better Betting with a Decent Feller, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, p.69.153 Bell’s, 24 Sept 1834, 14 Feb 1841, 3 June 1849.154 Bell’s, 4 Jan 1835, 24 Dec 1848, 27 May 1849.155 Bell’s, 1 Aug 1830, 12 Sept 1847.156 Bell’s, 18 Jan 1846, 22 March 1846.157 A.Harvey (1990) Leisure in the Bleak Age, MA, London University, p.10.60Beginnings of a Commercial Sporting Culture in Britain158 Bell’s, 15 July 1838.159 Bell’s, 26 Dec 1841.160 Bell’s, 11 Dec 1842.161 Bell’s, 13 Dec 1846, 30 Jan 1848.162 Bell’s, 2 July 1848.163 Bell’s, 8 March 1846, 21 May 1848.164 Bell’s, 30 May 1841, 14 June 1846.165 Bell’s, 15 Jan 1843, 21 March 1847.166 Bell’s, 20 Oct 1850.167 A rare example previous to this was SM, July 1796, 177.168 Bell’s, 24 May 1840.Though many were hoaxes; 15 Jan 1837.169 Bell’s, 1 June 1828.170 Bell’s, 23 Aug 1840, 1 Jan 1843, 17 Nov 1850.171 Bell’s, 1 Jan 1837.172 Bell’s, 6 Jan 1839, 26 April 1840.173 Bell’s, 31 Dec 1848.174 Era, 9 Dec 1849.175 Bell’s, 28 June 1835.176 Bell’s, 30 April 1848.177 Bell’s, 7 May 1848.178 Bell’s, 10 Feb 1850, 16 June 1850.179 Era, 23 June 1850.180 Bell’s, 28 June 1835, 26 Dec 1847, 23 June 1850.181 Lancaster Rowing Club Minute Books, Jan 1847 (in LPL).182 Bell’s, 15 July 1838, 24 July 1842, 14 Jan 1849.183 The Sportsman and Veterinary Journal, July 1837, preface.184 Bell’s, 20 Nov 1836.185 Bell’s, 28 March 1841.186 SM, July 1846, 1; Jan 1848, 135–7.187 J.Welcome (1982) The Sporting World of Surtees, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.159, 163.188 Newspapers, pp.587–90, 1002, 3196.189 Bell’s, 13 Feb 1831, 26 Sept 1847.SM, Oct 1817, 22–5.190 SM, March 1837, 395.191 Bell’s, 1 Sept 1844, 7 Sept 1845.JJC.Harding Collection, II–III.JJC Sports; Box 15.192 Bell’s, 14 June 1835, 16 May 1841.J.Ford (1988) Ackermann, London: Ackermann, p.109.W.Sparrow (1931) ‘The origin of racing journalism’, Chambers Journal, 21, 340.193 SM, July 1834, 280.194 R.Carr (1976) English Fox-hunting, London: Weidenfeld, pp.65–7, 76–7.SM, July 1832, 190–94.195 Bell’s, 20 June 1847.196 Welcome, Surtees, pp.108, 139, 187.197 Bell’s, 9 Oct 1831.198 Boxiana, iv (1824), pp.108, 121, 189, 492, 496, 501, 553, 568, 607.199 Bell’s, 14 June 1840, 18 Feb 1849.200 SM, Aug 1817, 206–10.201 Annals, Aug 1823, 120.Bell’s, 3 Jan 1830.202 SM, Dec 1835, 203.The Sporting Press61203 Bell’s, 2 Nov 1834.Exchange Herald, 17 April 1821.204 Bell’s, 12 Oct 1845.205 Bell’s, 12 Oct 1845, 14 May 1848, 21 May 1848.206 W.Howitt (1850) The Country Year Book, New York, pp.37, 39, 42, 68.W.Howitt (1838) Rural Life of England, London, ii, 262.207 M.Girouard (1981) The Return to Camelot: Chivalry and the English Gentleman, London: New Haven, pp.146, 184.208 S.Smith (1980) The Other Nation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.263–5.209 (1969 edition), p.373.210 SM, June 1848, 442.211D.Blaine (1840) An Encyclopaedia of Rural Sports, London: Longman, p.vii.212 Oxford English Dictionary.213 ILN, 27 Sept 1845, 27 Dec 1845.214 R.Park (1987) ‘Sport, gender and society – a transatlantic Victorian perspective’, in J.Mangan and R.Park (eds) From ‘Fair Sex’ to Feminism, London: Frank Cass, p.60.K.Sandiford (1983a) ‘Cricket and Victorian society’, JSH, 17:2, 305.This page intentionally left blankChapter 4No Time for Idleness?The Law and Sport, 1793–1815When we follow them into their retirements, where no disguise is necessary, we are most likely to see them in their true state and may best judge of their natural disposition.1Leisure is, without doubt, highly valuable to man, but taking man as he is, the probability seems to be that in the greater number of instances it will produce evil rather than good.2These differing views of recreation were reflected in the ambiguous outlook of official society, which was a mixture of tolerance and intervention.Until at least the 1830s, the supervision of recreation was essentially a matter for the local authorities: Parliament rarely taking a direct lead.This attitude was crystallized by pugilism, a practice that was not formally proscribed by either statute or proclamation, its suppression being left to local discretion.3 Generally, while on occasions innocent looking pastimes were subject to prosecution, official society tolerated recreations.4 In fact, the law declared that those ‘assembling at wakes, or other festival times, or meetings for exercise of common sports or diversions, as bull-baiting, wrestling, and such like, are not riotous’.5Between 1793 and 1850, both local and national government were supportive of commercial sport.During the French wars, officials and legislators protected sport by preventing groups that were endeavouring to create a change in moral attitudes from interfering with recreational activities.After 1830, parliamentary involvement in sport broadened, including both repression and provision.While both were often patchy in their effect, historians have been inclined to overrate the impact of repression and underestimate the influence of provision.However, as the following chapters will show, those aspects of local and national government which fostered and strengthened the commercial sporting culture proved to be of far more significance than those tending towards its limitation [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.PRO HO 45, 2339.142 Harrison, Drink, p.60.143 J.C.Reid (1971) Bucks and Bruisers: Pierce Egan and Regency England, London: Routledge, p.30.144 Bell’s, 25 April 1841, 8 May 1842, 21 Sept 1845.145 Era, 1 Sept 1838, 20 Dec 1840.146 Era, 14 Feb 1841, 13 June 1841.147 Bell’s, 14 Sept 1845, 30 April 1848.148 Bell’s, 17 July 1831.149 ‘Doncaster: Its sports and saturnalia’, Bentley’s Miscellany, xx (1846), 290.150 Bourne, Newspapers, ii, pp.122–3.151 M.Ex, 13 July 1850.152 C.Chinn (1991) Better Betting with a Decent Feller, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, p.69.153 Bell’s, 24 Sept 1834, 14 Feb 1841, 3 June 1849.154 Bell’s, 4 Jan 1835, 24 Dec 1848, 27 May 1849.155 Bell’s, 1 Aug 1830, 12 Sept 1847.156 Bell’s, 18 Jan 1846, 22 March 1846.157 A.Harvey (1990) Leisure in the Bleak Age, MA, London University, p.10.60Beginnings of a Commercial Sporting Culture in Britain158 Bell’s, 15 July 1838.159 Bell’s, 26 Dec 1841.160 Bell’s, 11 Dec 1842.161 Bell’s, 13 Dec 1846, 30 Jan 1848.162 Bell’s, 2 July 1848.163 Bell’s, 8 March 1846, 21 May 1848.164 Bell’s, 30 May 1841, 14 June 1846.165 Bell’s, 15 Jan 1843, 21 March 1847.166 Bell’s, 20 Oct 1850.167 A rare example previous to this was SM, July 1796, 177.168 Bell’s, 24 May 1840.Though many were hoaxes; 15 Jan 1837.169 Bell’s, 1 June 1828.170 Bell’s, 23 Aug 1840, 1 Jan 1843, 17 Nov 1850.171 Bell’s, 1 Jan 1837.172 Bell’s, 6 Jan 1839, 26 April 1840.173 Bell’s, 31 Dec 1848.174 Era, 9 Dec 1849.175 Bell’s, 28 June 1835.176 Bell’s, 30 April 1848.177 Bell’s, 7 May 1848.178 Bell’s, 10 Feb 1850, 16 June 1850.179 Era, 23 June 1850.180 Bell’s, 28 June 1835, 26 Dec 1847, 23 June 1850.181 Lancaster Rowing Club Minute Books, Jan 1847 (in LPL).182 Bell’s, 15 July 1838, 24 July 1842, 14 Jan 1849.183 The Sportsman and Veterinary Journal, July 1837, preface.184 Bell’s, 20 Nov 1836.185 Bell’s, 28 March 1841.186 SM, July 1846, 1; Jan 1848, 135–7.187 J.Welcome (1982) The Sporting World of Surtees, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.159, 163.188 Newspapers, pp.587–90, 1002, 3196.189 Bell’s, 13 Feb 1831, 26 Sept 1847.SM, Oct 1817, 22–5.190 SM, March 1837, 395.191 Bell’s, 1 Sept 1844, 7 Sept 1845.JJC.Harding Collection, II–III.JJC Sports; Box 15.192 Bell’s, 14 June 1835, 16 May 1841.J.Ford (1988) Ackermann, London: Ackermann, p.109.W.Sparrow (1931) ‘The origin of racing journalism’, Chambers Journal, 21, 340.193 SM, July 1834, 280.194 R.Carr (1976) English Fox-hunting, London: Weidenfeld, pp.65–7, 76–7.SM, July 1832, 190–94.195 Bell’s, 20 June 1847.196 Welcome, Surtees, pp.108, 139, 187.197 Bell’s, 9 Oct 1831.198 Boxiana, iv (1824), pp.108, 121, 189, 492, 496, 501, 553, 568, 607.199 Bell’s, 14 June 1840, 18 Feb 1849.200 SM, Aug 1817, 206–10.201 Annals, Aug 1823, 120.Bell’s, 3 Jan 1830.202 SM, Dec 1835, 203.The Sporting Press61203 Bell’s, 2 Nov 1834.Exchange Herald, 17 April 1821.204 Bell’s, 12 Oct 1845.205 Bell’s, 12 Oct 1845, 14 May 1848, 21 May 1848.206 W.Howitt (1850) The Country Year Book, New York, pp.37, 39, 42, 68.W.Howitt (1838) Rural Life of England, London, ii, 262.207 M.Girouard (1981) The Return to Camelot: Chivalry and the English Gentleman, London: New Haven, pp.146, 184.208 S.Smith (1980) The Other Nation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.263–5.209 (1969 edition), p.373.210 SM, June 1848, 442.211D.Blaine (1840) An Encyclopaedia of Rural Sports, London: Longman, p.vii.212 Oxford English Dictionary.213 ILN, 27 Sept 1845, 27 Dec 1845.214 R.Park (1987) ‘Sport, gender and society – a transatlantic Victorian perspective’, in J.Mangan and R.Park (eds) From ‘Fair Sex’ to Feminism, London: Frank Cass, p.60.K.Sandiford (1983a) ‘Cricket and Victorian society’, JSH, 17:2, 305.This page intentionally left blankChapter 4No Time for Idleness?The Law and Sport, 1793–1815When we follow them into their retirements, where no disguise is necessary, we are most likely to see them in their true state and may best judge of their natural disposition.1Leisure is, without doubt, highly valuable to man, but taking man as he is, the probability seems to be that in the greater number of instances it will produce evil rather than good.2These differing views of recreation were reflected in the ambiguous outlook of official society, which was a mixture of tolerance and intervention.Until at least the 1830s, the supervision of recreation was essentially a matter for the local authorities: Parliament rarely taking a direct lead.This attitude was crystallized by pugilism, a practice that was not formally proscribed by either statute or proclamation, its suppression being left to local discretion.3 Generally, while on occasions innocent looking pastimes were subject to prosecution, official society tolerated recreations.4 In fact, the law declared that those ‘assembling at wakes, or other festival times, or meetings for exercise of common sports or diversions, as bull-baiting, wrestling, and such like, are not riotous’.5Between 1793 and 1850, both local and national government were supportive of commercial sport.During the French wars, officials and legislators protected sport by preventing groups that were endeavouring to create a change in moral attitudes from interfering with recreational activities.After 1830, parliamentary involvement in sport broadened, including both repression and provision.While both were often patchy in their effect, historians have been inclined to overrate the impact of repression and underestimate the influence of provision.However, as the following chapters will show, those aspects of local and national government which fostered and strengthened the commercial sporting culture proved to be of far more significance than those tending towards its limitation [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]