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.Yetthescenesaresoartfullyarrangedthatreadersmustquestionwhetherrevengeforeventhemostterribleatrocitiescouldjustifytheslaughterofsomanyhumanbeings.Vonnegutrealizesthathisnewmethodofstorytellingplacesgreatdemandsonthereader,andhedoeshisbesttolightentheburdenbyprovidingabriefbiographyofBillyPilgrimearlyinthebook.BorninIlium,NewYork,in1922,thesameyearasVonnegut,BillyistheonlyPage116childofabarber.Inhisyouthheisweakand funnylooking (30).Aftergraduatinginthetopthirdofhishighschoolclass,heisdrafted,servesinthearmy,andistakenprisonerbytheGermans.BackinIliumafterthewar,hegoestooptometryschoolandbecomesengagedtothedaughteroftheschool sfounderandowner.Aftersufferinganervousbreakdown,hemarrieshisfianceandbecomesasuccessfuloptometrist.Hehastwochildren.HisdaughterBarbaramarriesanoptometrist,andhissonRobertovercomesatroubledyouthbyjoiningtheGreenBeretsandfightinginVietnam.Onhiswaytoanoptometrists convention,Billy splanecrashesandheistheonlysurvivor.Whileheisinthehospital,hiswifediesofcarbonmonoxidepoisoning.BillyreturnstoaquietlifeinIlium,butthenhegoestoNewYorkCity,getsonaradiotalkshow,andtellstheworldthathewaskidnappedbyaliensfromTralfamadore,whoputhiminazoowithMontanaWildhack,aformermovieactress.AfterreturningtoIlium,BillywritesletterstothelocalpaperdescribingtheTralfamadoriansandtheirconceptoftime.ArmedwiththischronologicalsketchofBilly slife,readersarebetterpreparedtomakesenseofthenovel sabrupttimeshifts.VonnegutalsomakesthenarrativeeasiertofollowbypresentingBilly swartimeexperiencesinchronologicalorder,withonesmallexceptionattheend.Thiskeepstheemphasisonthewarandpreventstheothermomentsfrombecomingtoodistracting.PLOTDEVELOPMENTBillysayshefirstbecame unstuckintime duringtheBattleoftheBulge,thelastbigGermanoffensiveofWorldWarII,inDecember1944.Billyneverhadastrongwilltolive,andcaughtbehindenemylineswithoutahelmetorcombatboots,hewantstogiveupanddie.Heconstantlyfallsbehindhisthreecompanions,twounnamedscoutsandRolandWeary,anantitankgunner.Leaningagainstatreewithhiseyesclosed,heseesthe fullarcofhislife, frombirthtodeathandbeyond,beforeenteringaterrifyingmomentfromhischildhood(54).HisfatherhasbroughthimtotheYMCAtoteachhimtoswimbythe sinkorswim method(55).HepitchesBillyintothepool,andBillysinkstothebottomandpassesout.Heresentshisrescuersforsavinghislife.ThisscenehasobviousparallelswithBilly ssituationinthewar:theterror,thenearnessofdeath,andBilly sresentmenttowardthosewhowouldsavehimagainsthiswill.Thisfirstexampleoftimetravelestablishesthepatternfortherestofthebook.StressfulmomentscauseBillytoPage117travelintimetoeventswithsomerelationshiptothesituationhefindshimselfinduringthewar.Afterthetwoscoutsleavethembehind,BillyandRolandWearyarecapturedbytheGermansandmarchedtoaprisonercollectionpoint.AGermannewsphotographertakesapictureofBilly sruinedcivilianshoestodemonstratehowpoorlyequippedtheAmericanarmyis, despiteitsreputationforbeingrich (74).ThenthephotographerstagesaphotographofBilly scapture,andBillyfindshimselftravelingintimetoahotsummerdayin1967.OnhiswaytolunchattheLionsClubinhisairconditionedCadillac,BillystopsataredlightinthemiddleofIlium sblackghetto,amonthaftermuchofithasburnedinariot.AblackmantapsonBilly swindow,butwhenthelightchanges,Billysimplydriveson.AlthoughthereisnoobviousconnectionbetweenBilly sexperiencewiththeGermanphotographerandtheincidentin1967,bothinvolveacontrastbetweenanimageofAmericaasarichcountryandtheoftenoverlookedrealityofwidespreadpoverty.Thewartimephotosareintendedaspropaganda,andtheyobviouslydistortthetruth,butatthesametime,theyrevealadeepertruththatismirroredbyBilly sbriefglimpseoftheghetto.ThespeakerattheLionsClubmeetingisamarinemajorwhohasdonetwotoursofdutyinVietnam.HeadvocatesbombingtheNorthVietnameserelentlesslyuntiltheyadmitthatstrongernationsshouldnotbeallowedto forcetheirwayoflifeonweakcountries (76).Ofcourse,thatisexactlywhattheUnitedStatesistryingtodototheVietnamese.Themajorisblindtothepreposterousironyofhisstatement,andsoisBilly,whodoesnotprotestthebombing,inspiteofwhathesawinDresden.Vonnegut spassiveprotagonistleavesprotestuptothereader.Afterafewmorescenesfrom1967describingBilly swealthybutspirituallyemptylife,hereturnstothewarastheGermansaresortingAmericanprisonersbeforeplacingtheminrailroadcarsforthetriptotheprisoncamp.Adeliriouscolonelwithdoublepneumonia,who lost anentireregimentof4,500men,givesanimpassionedspeechtohis boys, tellingthemtobeproudoftheirexploitsonthebattlefield(84 85).Callinghimself WildBob, ashehadalwayshopedhismenwould,hepromisestobarbecuewholesteersataregimentalreunionafterthewar.Vonnegutpunctuatesthistragicallyfalsewarstorybysaying Iwasthere (86) [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.Yetthescenesaresoartfullyarrangedthatreadersmustquestionwhetherrevengeforeventhemostterribleatrocitiescouldjustifytheslaughterofsomanyhumanbeings.Vonnegutrealizesthathisnewmethodofstorytellingplacesgreatdemandsonthereader,andhedoeshisbesttolightentheburdenbyprovidingabriefbiographyofBillyPilgrimearlyinthebook.BorninIlium,NewYork,in1922,thesameyearasVonnegut,BillyistheonlyPage116childofabarber.Inhisyouthheisweakand funnylooking (30).Aftergraduatinginthetopthirdofhishighschoolclass,heisdrafted,servesinthearmy,andistakenprisonerbytheGermans.BackinIliumafterthewar,hegoestooptometryschoolandbecomesengagedtothedaughteroftheschool sfounderandowner.Aftersufferinganervousbreakdown,hemarrieshisfianceandbecomesasuccessfuloptometrist.Hehastwochildren.HisdaughterBarbaramarriesanoptometrist,andhissonRobertovercomesatroubledyouthbyjoiningtheGreenBeretsandfightinginVietnam.Onhiswaytoanoptometrists convention,Billy splanecrashesandheistheonlysurvivor.Whileheisinthehospital,hiswifediesofcarbonmonoxidepoisoning.BillyreturnstoaquietlifeinIlium,butthenhegoestoNewYorkCity,getsonaradiotalkshow,andtellstheworldthathewaskidnappedbyaliensfromTralfamadore,whoputhiminazoowithMontanaWildhack,aformermovieactress.AfterreturningtoIlium,BillywritesletterstothelocalpaperdescribingtheTralfamadoriansandtheirconceptoftime.ArmedwiththischronologicalsketchofBilly slife,readersarebetterpreparedtomakesenseofthenovel sabrupttimeshifts.VonnegutalsomakesthenarrativeeasiertofollowbypresentingBilly swartimeexperiencesinchronologicalorder,withonesmallexceptionattheend.Thiskeepstheemphasisonthewarandpreventstheothermomentsfrombecomingtoodistracting.PLOTDEVELOPMENTBillysayshefirstbecame unstuckintime duringtheBattleoftheBulge,thelastbigGermanoffensiveofWorldWarII,inDecember1944.Billyneverhadastrongwilltolive,andcaughtbehindenemylineswithoutahelmetorcombatboots,hewantstogiveupanddie.Heconstantlyfallsbehindhisthreecompanions,twounnamedscoutsandRolandWeary,anantitankgunner.Leaningagainstatreewithhiseyesclosed,heseesthe fullarcofhislife, frombirthtodeathandbeyond,beforeenteringaterrifyingmomentfromhischildhood(54).HisfatherhasbroughthimtotheYMCAtoteachhimtoswimbythe sinkorswim method(55).HepitchesBillyintothepool,andBillysinkstothebottomandpassesout.Heresentshisrescuersforsavinghislife.ThisscenehasobviousparallelswithBilly ssituationinthewar:theterror,thenearnessofdeath,andBilly sresentmenttowardthosewhowouldsavehimagainsthiswill.Thisfirstexampleoftimetravelestablishesthepatternfortherestofthebook.StressfulmomentscauseBillytoPage117travelintimetoeventswithsomerelationshiptothesituationhefindshimselfinduringthewar.Afterthetwoscoutsleavethembehind,BillyandRolandWearyarecapturedbytheGermansandmarchedtoaprisonercollectionpoint.AGermannewsphotographertakesapictureofBilly sruinedcivilianshoestodemonstratehowpoorlyequippedtheAmericanarmyis, despiteitsreputationforbeingrich (74).ThenthephotographerstagesaphotographofBilly scapture,andBillyfindshimselftravelingintimetoahotsummerdayin1967.OnhiswaytolunchattheLionsClubinhisairconditionedCadillac,BillystopsataredlightinthemiddleofIlium sblackghetto,amonthaftermuchofithasburnedinariot.AblackmantapsonBilly swindow,butwhenthelightchanges,Billysimplydriveson.AlthoughthereisnoobviousconnectionbetweenBilly sexperiencewiththeGermanphotographerandtheincidentin1967,bothinvolveacontrastbetweenanimageofAmericaasarichcountryandtheoftenoverlookedrealityofwidespreadpoverty.Thewartimephotosareintendedaspropaganda,andtheyobviouslydistortthetruth,butatthesametime,theyrevealadeepertruththatismirroredbyBilly sbriefglimpseoftheghetto.ThespeakerattheLionsClubmeetingisamarinemajorwhohasdonetwotoursofdutyinVietnam.HeadvocatesbombingtheNorthVietnameserelentlesslyuntiltheyadmitthatstrongernationsshouldnotbeallowedto forcetheirwayoflifeonweakcountries (76).Ofcourse,thatisexactlywhattheUnitedStatesistryingtodototheVietnamese.Themajorisblindtothepreposterousironyofhisstatement,andsoisBilly,whodoesnotprotestthebombing,inspiteofwhathesawinDresden.Vonnegut spassiveprotagonistleavesprotestuptothereader.Afterafewmorescenesfrom1967describingBilly swealthybutspirituallyemptylife,hereturnstothewarastheGermansaresortingAmericanprisonersbeforeplacingtheminrailroadcarsforthetriptotheprisoncamp.Adeliriouscolonelwithdoublepneumonia,who lost anentireregimentof4,500men,givesanimpassionedspeechtohis boys, tellingthemtobeproudoftheirexploitsonthebattlefield(84 85).Callinghimself WildBob, ashehadalwayshopedhismenwould,hepromisestobarbecuewholesteersataregimentalreunionafterthewar.Vonnegutpunctuatesthistragicallyfalsewarstorybysaying Iwasthere (86) [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]