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.Autlioritarianism.Susceptibility was related by Wells, Weinert, and Rubel (128) to scores on theGough version of the F-scale.The students who gave incorrect answers under influence had significantlyhigher mean scores on the F-scale, indicating a tendency to more susceptibility by higher authoritarianscores.Crutchfield (34) reports a significant correlation of +.39 between higher scores on the F-scale andmore yielding to others on a twenty-one item test.For the same subjects, the correlation between yieldingand staff observer ratings of authoritarianism in a psychodramatic situation was found to be +.35.Beloff(10) reports a positive relationship between authoritarianism on the F-scale and susceptibility for bothmen and women.Hardy (54) found no relationship between F-scale scores and public and privateconformity. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.Goldberg, Hunt, Cohen and Meadow (50) used the Aschline judging problems to obtain groups of undergraduate students showing differences in susceptibility.The male high conforming group was found to make lower scores on the masculinity-femininity (morefeminine), the hypochondriacal, and psychasthenic scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic PersonalityInventory, and to make lower anxiety scores on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale.The female: highconformity group rated significantly higher on the psychasthenic scale of the MMPI and the Taylor Scale.The divergent findings for men and women were not interpreted.Crutchfield (33) used the Group Squares Test to identify three groups of male subjects differing fromone another in degrees of readiness to yield under influence.Those least responsive to pressures werefound to be low in introspectiveness and more masculine, as measured by the MMPI.Using the Asch linejudging problems, Barron (6) selected extreme groups in independence and yielding.He found nosignificant differences between groups on the MMPI scales nor did Crutchfield (34) using a differenttask.It is difficult to identify basic relationships between MMPI measures and susceptibility.A probablerelationship is that men low on MMPI masculinity are more susceptible.-253-Intelligence.Neither Berenda (11) nor Jenness (70) found significant correlations between intelligencemeasures and susceptibility (see above).Fisher, Williams, and Lubin (44) report no relationship, but themeasures used were not explained.Other investigators have shown a significant inverse relationshipbetween intelligence and conformity.Crutchfield (34) found correlations of -.51 with the Terman ConceptMastery Test and -.63 with staff ratings between intelligence and frequency of yielding (see above).The relationship between intelligence and responsiveness to pressures has been found in two studiesby Crutchfield to be curvilinear.One (32) employed the Group Squares Test, and the other (33), the"Bingo" task.Those scoring in the intermediate range of responsiveness scored highest on intelligencemeasures, including the Terman Concept Mastery Test and the Idea Classification Test in the first studyand an undefined measure in the second study.Nakamura (106) investigated the possibility that conformity as a nonintellectual variable contributes tovariability in problem-solving ability.Intelligence as measured by Part II, Analogies, of Form B of theConcept Mastery Test was held constant by statistical means.For men, there was a significant negativecorrelation between tendency to conform and performance on all problems combined, but especially onthe restructuring problems.The negative correlation for men above twenty-one years only wasconsiderably higher.For younger men, results were consistent with those for women.A significant sexdifference was found, with men superior in problem-solving and intelligence, but lower on conformity.Studies of the relationship between intelligence and susceptibility are not entirely clear; if arelationship does exist, it probably is inverse and curvilinear.Complexity-Simplicity.Barron (7) categorized two extreme groups of subjects as yielders andindependents.Using the Barron-Welsh Art Scale to measure complexity-simplicity, he found that independents made significantly higher complexity scores.Crutchfield (32) found that those who yieldedin the intermediate range showed less preference for symmetry on the Welsh Figure Preference Test.Originality.From a sample of USAF captains, Barron (8) selected the extreme groups on eightmeasures of originality, including scores from the Rorschach Test, the Thematic Apperception Test,anagrams, and plot titles.Susceptibility scores were obtained on a twenty-one item test.Significantdifferences between groups were found, with those classified as original yielding less.Crutchfield (32)found that-254-students responding to the Group Squares Test in the intermediate range were rated by instructors ashighest on originality.Dependence on the Perceptual Field.Linton (86) measured dependence on the perceptual field bysubtasks and a composite score on the Tilting Room, Tilting Chair, and Embedded Figures tasks.Othermeasures included the degree of attitude change after reading an article contrary to own opinion and theinfluence of personal attitudes on a syllogisms test.Subjects were divided into two groups according tothe extent of change toward the judgments of a male confederate who responded five inches above thesubject's pregroup norm on the autokinetic task.The conformity measure for the autokinetic situationcorrelated significantly with the composite score for the degree of dependence on the perceptual field.Nosignificant correlations were found between social influence and performance on the syllogisms andattitude task.The Embedded Figures Test also was administered to high and low yielders in a study byRosner (114).Yielders failed to locate the test pattern in the complex figures significanitly more oftenthan nonyielders.Compliance with Requests.Wiener, Carpenter, and Carpenter (132, 133) classified undergraduatepsychology students by three degrees of their compliance with a request to return some experimentalmaterials.The mean conformity score was significantly higher for the group that completed and returnedthe material.Helson, Blake, and Mouton (62) report comparable results.Projective Materials.Hoffman (65) composed extreme groups of those who shifted most and leasttoward false group norms reported for two) tasks [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.Autlioritarianism.Susceptibility was related by Wells, Weinert, and Rubel (128) to scores on theGough version of the F-scale.The students who gave incorrect answers under influence had significantlyhigher mean scores on the F-scale, indicating a tendency to more susceptibility by higher authoritarianscores.Crutchfield (34) reports a significant correlation of +.39 between higher scores on the F-scale andmore yielding to others on a twenty-one item test.For the same subjects, the correlation between yieldingand staff observer ratings of authoritarianism in a psychodramatic situation was found to be +.35.Beloff(10) reports a positive relationship between authoritarianism on the F-scale and susceptibility for bothmen and women.Hardy (54) found no relationship between F-scale scores and public and privateconformity. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.Goldberg, Hunt, Cohen and Meadow (50) used the Aschline judging problems to obtain groups of undergraduate students showing differences in susceptibility.The male high conforming group was found to make lower scores on the masculinity-femininity (morefeminine), the hypochondriacal, and psychasthenic scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic PersonalityInventory, and to make lower anxiety scores on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale.The female: highconformity group rated significantly higher on the psychasthenic scale of the MMPI and the Taylor Scale.The divergent findings for men and women were not interpreted.Crutchfield (33) used the Group Squares Test to identify three groups of male subjects differing fromone another in degrees of readiness to yield under influence.Those least responsive to pressures werefound to be low in introspectiveness and more masculine, as measured by the MMPI.Using the Asch linejudging problems, Barron (6) selected extreme groups in independence and yielding.He found nosignificant differences between groups on the MMPI scales nor did Crutchfield (34) using a differenttask.It is difficult to identify basic relationships between MMPI measures and susceptibility.A probablerelationship is that men low on MMPI masculinity are more susceptible.-253-Intelligence.Neither Berenda (11) nor Jenness (70) found significant correlations between intelligencemeasures and susceptibility (see above).Fisher, Williams, and Lubin (44) report no relationship, but themeasures used were not explained.Other investigators have shown a significant inverse relationshipbetween intelligence and conformity.Crutchfield (34) found correlations of -.51 with the Terman ConceptMastery Test and -.63 with staff ratings between intelligence and frequency of yielding (see above).The relationship between intelligence and responsiveness to pressures has been found in two studiesby Crutchfield to be curvilinear.One (32) employed the Group Squares Test, and the other (33), the"Bingo" task.Those scoring in the intermediate range of responsiveness scored highest on intelligencemeasures, including the Terman Concept Mastery Test and the Idea Classification Test in the first studyand an undefined measure in the second study.Nakamura (106) investigated the possibility that conformity as a nonintellectual variable contributes tovariability in problem-solving ability.Intelligence as measured by Part II, Analogies, of Form B of theConcept Mastery Test was held constant by statistical means.For men, there was a significant negativecorrelation between tendency to conform and performance on all problems combined, but especially onthe restructuring problems.The negative correlation for men above twenty-one years only wasconsiderably higher.For younger men, results were consistent with those for women.A significant sexdifference was found, with men superior in problem-solving and intelligence, but lower on conformity.Studies of the relationship between intelligence and susceptibility are not entirely clear; if arelationship does exist, it probably is inverse and curvilinear.Complexity-Simplicity.Barron (7) categorized two extreme groups of subjects as yielders andindependents.Using the Barron-Welsh Art Scale to measure complexity-simplicity, he found that independents made significantly higher complexity scores.Crutchfield (32) found that those who yieldedin the intermediate range showed less preference for symmetry on the Welsh Figure Preference Test.Originality.From a sample of USAF captains, Barron (8) selected the extreme groups on eightmeasures of originality, including scores from the Rorschach Test, the Thematic Apperception Test,anagrams, and plot titles.Susceptibility scores were obtained on a twenty-one item test.Significantdifferences between groups were found, with those classified as original yielding less.Crutchfield (32)found that-254-students responding to the Group Squares Test in the intermediate range were rated by instructors ashighest on originality.Dependence on the Perceptual Field.Linton (86) measured dependence on the perceptual field bysubtasks and a composite score on the Tilting Room, Tilting Chair, and Embedded Figures tasks.Othermeasures included the degree of attitude change after reading an article contrary to own opinion and theinfluence of personal attitudes on a syllogisms test.Subjects were divided into two groups according tothe extent of change toward the judgments of a male confederate who responded five inches above thesubject's pregroup norm on the autokinetic task.The conformity measure for the autokinetic situationcorrelated significantly with the composite score for the degree of dependence on the perceptual field.Nosignificant correlations were found between social influence and performance on the syllogisms andattitude task.The Embedded Figures Test also was administered to high and low yielders in a study byRosner (114).Yielders failed to locate the test pattern in the complex figures significanitly more oftenthan nonyielders.Compliance with Requests.Wiener, Carpenter, and Carpenter (132, 133) classified undergraduatepsychology students by three degrees of their compliance with a request to return some experimentalmaterials.The mean conformity score was significantly higher for the group that completed and returnedthe material.Helson, Blake, and Mouton (62) report comparable results.Projective Materials.Hoffman (65) composed extreme groups of those who shifted most and leasttoward false group norms reported for two) tasks [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]