[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
." This is closely related to theOR.Indeed, the two processes are so intertwined that the OR can be regarded as part of, orthe initial phase of, the larger, more encompassing adaptive reaction.But while the OR isprimarily based on the nervous system, the adaptive reaction is heavily dependent upon theendocrine glands and the hormones they shoot into the bloodstream.The first line of defenseis neural; the second is hormonal.When individuals are forced to make repeated adaptations to novelty, and especiallywhen they are compelled to adapt to certain situations involving conflict and uncertainty, apea-sized gland called the pituitary pumps out a number of substances.One of these, ACTH,goes to the adrenals.This causes them, in turn, to manufacture certain chemicals termedcorticosteroids.When these are released, they speed up body metabolism.They raise bloodpressure.They send anti-inflammatory substances through the blood to fight infection atwound sites, if any.And they begin turning fat and protein into dispersible energy, thustapping into the body's reserve tank of energy.The adaptive reaction provides a much morepotent and sustained flush of energy than the OR.Like the orientation response, the adaptive reaction is no rarity.It takes longer to arouseand it lasts longer, but it happens countless times even within the course of a single day,responding to changes in our physical and social environment.The adaptive reaction,sometimes known by the more dramatic term "stress," can be touched off by shifts andchanges in the psychological climate around us.Worry, upset, conflict, uncertainty, evenhappy anticipation, hilarity and joy, all set the ACTH factory working.The very anticipationof change can trigger the adaptive reaction.The need to alter one's way of life, to trade an oldjob for a new one, social pressures, status shifts, life style modifications, in fact, anything thatforces us to confront the unknown, can switch on the adaptive reaction.Dr.Lennart Levi, director of the Clinical Stress Laboratory at the Karolinska Hospitalin Stockholm, has shown, for example, that even quite small changes in the emotional climateor in interpersonal relationships can produce marked changes in body chemistry.Stress isfrequently measured by the amount of corticosteroids and catecholamines (adrenalin and nor- adrenalin, for example) found in the blood and urine.In one series of experiments Levi usedfilms to generate emotions and plotted the resultant chemical changes.A group of Swedish male medical students were shown film clips depicting murders,fights, torture, execution and cruelty to animals.The adrenalin component of their urine rosean average 70 percent as measured before and after.Nor-adrenalin rose an average 35percent.Next a group of young female office workers were shown four different films onsuccessive nights.The first was a bland travelog.They reported feelings of calmness andequanimity, and their output of catecholamines fell.The second night they watched StanleyKubrick's Paths of Glory and reported feeling intense excitement and anger.Adrenalin outputshot upward.The third night they viewed Charley's Aunt, and roared with laughter at thecomedy.Despite the pleasant feelings and the absence of any scenes of aggression orviolence, their catecholamines rose significantly again.The fourth night they saw The Devil'sMask, a thriller during which they actually screamed with fright.Not unexpectedly,catecholamine output soared.In short, emotional response, almost without regard for itscharacter, is accompanied by (or, indeed, reflects) adrenal activity.Similar findings have been demonstrated again and again in the case of men andwomen not to speak of rats, dogs, deer and other experimental animals involved in "real"as distinct from "vicarious" experiences.Sailors in underwater demolition training, menstationed in lonely outposts in Antarctica, astronauts, factory workers, executives have allshown similar chemical responsiveness to change in the external environment [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
zanotowane.pl doc.pisz.pl pdf.pisz.pl centka.pev.pl
." This is closely related to theOR.Indeed, the two processes are so intertwined that the OR can be regarded as part of, orthe initial phase of, the larger, more encompassing adaptive reaction.But while the OR isprimarily based on the nervous system, the adaptive reaction is heavily dependent upon theendocrine glands and the hormones they shoot into the bloodstream.The first line of defenseis neural; the second is hormonal.When individuals are forced to make repeated adaptations to novelty, and especiallywhen they are compelled to adapt to certain situations involving conflict and uncertainty, apea-sized gland called the pituitary pumps out a number of substances.One of these, ACTH,goes to the adrenals.This causes them, in turn, to manufacture certain chemicals termedcorticosteroids.When these are released, they speed up body metabolism.They raise bloodpressure.They send anti-inflammatory substances through the blood to fight infection atwound sites, if any.And they begin turning fat and protein into dispersible energy, thustapping into the body's reserve tank of energy.The adaptive reaction provides a much morepotent and sustained flush of energy than the OR.Like the orientation response, the adaptive reaction is no rarity.It takes longer to arouseand it lasts longer, but it happens countless times even within the course of a single day,responding to changes in our physical and social environment.The adaptive reaction,sometimes known by the more dramatic term "stress," can be touched off by shifts andchanges in the psychological climate around us.Worry, upset, conflict, uncertainty, evenhappy anticipation, hilarity and joy, all set the ACTH factory working.The very anticipationof change can trigger the adaptive reaction.The need to alter one's way of life, to trade an oldjob for a new one, social pressures, status shifts, life style modifications, in fact, anything thatforces us to confront the unknown, can switch on the adaptive reaction.Dr.Lennart Levi, director of the Clinical Stress Laboratory at the Karolinska Hospitalin Stockholm, has shown, for example, that even quite small changes in the emotional climateor in interpersonal relationships can produce marked changes in body chemistry.Stress isfrequently measured by the amount of corticosteroids and catecholamines (adrenalin and nor- adrenalin, for example) found in the blood and urine.In one series of experiments Levi usedfilms to generate emotions and plotted the resultant chemical changes.A group of Swedish male medical students were shown film clips depicting murders,fights, torture, execution and cruelty to animals.The adrenalin component of their urine rosean average 70 percent as measured before and after.Nor-adrenalin rose an average 35percent.Next a group of young female office workers were shown four different films onsuccessive nights.The first was a bland travelog.They reported feelings of calmness andequanimity, and their output of catecholamines fell.The second night they watched StanleyKubrick's Paths of Glory and reported feeling intense excitement and anger.Adrenalin outputshot upward.The third night they viewed Charley's Aunt, and roared with laughter at thecomedy.Despite the pleasant feelings and the absence of any scenes of aggression orviolence, their catecholamines rose significantly again.The fourth night they saw The Devil'sMask, a thriller during which they actually screamed with fright.Not unexpectedly,catecholamine output soared.In short, emotional response, almost without regard for itscharacter, is accompanied by (or, indeed, reflects) adrenal activity.Similar findings have been demonstrated again and again in the case of men andwomen not to speak of rats, dogs, deer and other experimental animals involved in "real"as distinct from "vicarious" experiences.Sailors in underwater demolition training, menstationed in lonely outposts in Antarctica, astronauts, factory workers, executives have allshown similar chemical responsiveness to change in the external environment [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]