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.8 These regulations were carried over to the revised statutes of 1489–93, though with some modifi cations: now the interval between the visitations became four years, but the priors could also initiate visitations at any time when they were concerned about the state of the Order’s houses.9 The stabilimenta also renewed earlier regulations of uncertain origin which threatened with punishment those preceptors who did not follow the visitors’ orders and also those priors who did not carry out the required visitations.10Quite similar were the regulations concerning the regular visitations of the preceptories directly subject to the priors, and of the churches in the priories, their treasures, and possessions.11 The brothers visiting the houses of the priors had to be nominated at the provincial chapters,12 while the chaplains who visited the churches were delegated by the priors.Since they acted as a kind of lieutenants for the conventual prior during his stay on Rhodes, the visitors had the same powers as the conventual prior.13 Another kind of regular visitation was related to the melioramentum, the ‘transfer’ of a brother to a preceptory with greater incomes.To be promoted, the preceptor had to meet several requirements;14 the most important one was that he had governed well his former preceptory.This had to be confi rmed 6 For the visitations by the priors before 1310 cf.J.Riley-Smith, The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus, c.1050–1310 (London, 1967), pp.348–9, 363.7 Paris, Bibliothéque National, Ms.(henceforth: BN) franç.17255, fol.87r; Malta Cod.501, fol.168r–169r.8 BN franç.17255, fol.97r–v; Malta Cod.501, fol.200r–201r.9 Malta Cod.244, fol.85r, 86v–87r; cf.Sarnowsky, Macht, pp.105–6.10 Malta Cod.244, fol.86v.11 BN franç.17255, fol.68v, 91v; and Malta Cod.244, fol.85v, 110v.12 Statute from the time of fr.Naillac, BN franç.17255, fol.87v; cf.the revised statutes of 1489/93, Malta Cod.244, fol.85r–v.13 Malta Cod.244, fol.87v–88r (and 84v–85r); the original statute in BN franc.17255, fol.123r.14 Cf.Sarnowsky, Macht, pp.213–16.Jürgen Sarnowsky153by the prior and the provincial chapter, based on a special, thorough visitation of the preceptory.15The general visitations initiated by central institutions were also based on a long tradition,16 but since the beginning of the fi fteenth century they clearly became more important instruments for controlling the Order’s houses, probably due to the Order’s fi nancial diffi culties.For example, when in 1454 the fi rst chapter general under fr.Jacques de Milly discussed how to collect the sum of 50,000 fl orins needed for the maintenance of the convent, it was decided to postpone the division of the fi nancial duties for fi ve years and to conduct a general visitation of all priories.17This decision was accompanied by a statute on general visitations and the fi nancial administration of the Order.Thus, the visitors had to inquire into the value of the priories by taking oaths from all religious and secular persons concerned about the sums for which their houses and membra could be rented out, taking into account the customary duties.This information was to be collected with the help of three to fi ve honourable persons, both members of the Order and men from outside.Their testimonies were to be sent to Rhodes for calculation of the value of the houses and the required payments.18The statutes of 1446/7, which were initiated by Pope Eugenius IV but were never accepted in the Order, even went one step further.They created a special institution for the visitations and their documentation.19 It is perhaps no accident that its head was to be the draper, one of the conventual bailiffs of the lesser tongues.The new institution was a group of seven ‘conservators’ from all tongues who would meet three times a week in their own house to debate the state of the Order and – if necessary – to apply to master and convent to take action.Their scribe would collect the reports coming in from the visitations of the Western houses, and there was to be an archive for older reports.Probably this reform would have weakened the infl uence both of the master and convent and of the priors over the fi nancial administration, which would in fact have been controlled by the seven conservators, which might explain why the system was never implemented; another consequence would have been the common evaluation of regular and general visitations.As for the earlier inquests, as in 1373,20 the results of visitations were probably regularly compiled into lists and books, though only relatively few manuscripts 15 In general BN franc.17255, fol.129r, and Malta Cod.244, fol.112v; for the visitation of the priory see ibid., 115v.16 For visitations ordered by the masters and for the grand preceptors in the West see Riley-Smith, pp.365, 370; H.Nicholson, The Knights Hospitaller (Woodbridge, 2001), pp.77–8; A.Luttrell, ‘The Hospitaller Province of Alamannia to 1428’ (1995), repr.in A.Luttrell, The Hospitaller State on Rhodes and its Western Provinces, 1306–1462 (Aldershot, 1999), no.XII, p.22.17 Sarnowsky, Macht, pp.535–6.18 BN franc.17255, fol.132r–134r; Malta cod.282, fol.19r–v.19 Malta Cod.1698, fol.43r–45v; cf.Sarnowsky, Macht, p.34.20 For 1373 see A.Luttrell, Papauté et Hôpital: l’Enquête de 1373, in J.Glénisson (ed.), L’Enquête Pontifi cale de 1373 sur l’Ordre des Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem, vol [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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.8 These regulations were carried over to the revised statutes of 1489–93, though with some modifi cations: now the interval between the visitations became four years, but the priors could also initiate visitations at any time when they were concerned about the state of the Order’s houses.9 The stabilimenta also renewed earlier regulations of uncertain origin which threatened with punishment those preceptors who did not follow the visitors’ orders and also those priors who did not carry out the required visitations.10Quite similar were the regulations concerning the regular visitations of the preceptories directly subject to the priors, and of the churches in the priories, their treasures, and possessions.11 The brothers visiting the houses of the priors had to be nominated at the provincial chapters,12 while the chaplains who visited the churches were delegated by the priors.Since they acted as a kind of lieutenants for the conventual prior during his stay on Rhodes, the visitors had the same powers as the conventual prior.13 Another kind of regular visitation was related to the melioramentum, the ‘transfer’ of a brother to a preceptory with greater incomes.To be promoted, the preceptor had to meet several requirements;14 the most important one was that he had governed well his former preceptory.This had to be confi rmed 6 For the visitations by the priors before 1310 cf.J.Riley-Smith, The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus, c.1050–1310 (London, 1967), pp.348–9, 363.7 Paris, Bibliothéque National, Ms.(henceforth: BN) franç.17255, fol.87r; Malta Cod.501, fol.168r–169r.8 BN franç.17255, fol.97r–v; Malta Cod.501, fol.200r–201r.9 Malta Cod.244, fol.85r, 86v–87r; cf.Sarnowsky, Macht, pp.105–6.10 Malta Cod.244, fol.86v.11 BN franç.17255, fol.68v, 91v; and Malta Cod.244, fol.85v, 110v.12 Statute from the time of fr.Naillac, BN franç.17255, fol.87v; cf.the revised statutes of 1489/93, Malta Cod.244, fol.85r–v.13 Malta Cod.244, fol.87v–88r (and 84v–85r); the original statute in BN franc.17255, fol.123r.14 Cf.Sarnowsky, Macht, pp.213–16.Jürgen Sarnowsky153by the prior and the provincial chapter, based on a special, thorough visitation of the preceptory.15The general visitations initiated by central institutions were also based on a long tradition,16 but since the beginning of the fi fteenth century they clearly became more important instruments for controlling the Order’s houses, probably due to the Order’s fi nancial diffi culties.For example, when in 1454 the fi rst chapter general under fr.Jacques de Milly discussed how to collect the sum of 50,000 fl orins needed for the maintenance of the convent, it was decided to postpone the division of the fi nancial duties for fi ve years and to conduct a general visitation of all priories.17This decision was accompanied by a statute on general visitations and the fi nancial administration of the Order.Thus, the visitors had to inquire into the value of the priories by taking oaths from all religious and secular persons concerned about the sums for which their houses and membra could be rented out, taking into account the customary duties.This information was to be collected with the help of three to fi ve honourable persons, both members of the Order and men from outside.Their testimonies were to be sent to Rhodes for calculation of the value of the houses and the required payments.18The statutes of 1446/7, which were initiated by Pope Eugenius IV but were never accepted in the Order, even went one step further.They created a special institution for the visitations and their documentation.19 It is perhaps no accident that its head was to be the draper, one of the conventual bailiffs of the lesser tongues.The new institution was a group of seven ‘conservators’ from all tongues who would meet three times a week in their own house to debate the state of the Order and – if necessary – to apply to master and convent to take action.Their scribe would collect the reports coming in from the visitations of the Western houses, and there was to be an archive for older reports.Probably this reform would have weakened the infl uence both of the master and convent and of the priors over the fi nancial administration, which would in fact have been controlled by the seven conservators, which might explain why the system was never implemented; another consequence would have been the common evaluation of regular and general visitations.As for the earlier inquests, as in 1373,20 the results of visitations were probably regularly compiled into lists and books, though only relatively few manuscripts 15 In general BN franc.17255, fol.129r, and Malta Cod.244, fol.112v; for the visitation of the priory see ibid., 115v.16 For visitations ordered by the masters and for the grand preceptors in the West see Riley-Smith, pp.365, 370; H.Nicholson, The Knights Hospitaller (Woodbridge, 2001), pp.77–8; A.Luttrell, ‘The Hospitaller Province of Alamannia to 1428’ (1995), repr.in A.Luttrell, The Hospitaller State on Rhodes and its Western Provinces, 1306–1462 (Aldershot, 1999), no.XII, p.22.17 Sarnowsky, Macht, pp.535–6.18 BN franc.17255, fol.132r–134r; Malta cod.282, fol.19r–v.19 Malta Cod.1698, fol.43r–45v; cf.Sarnowsky, Macht, p.34.20 For 1373 see A.Luttrell, Papauté et Hôpital: l’Enquête de 1373, in J.Glénisson (ed.), L’Enquête Pontifi cale de 1373 sur l’Ordre des Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem, vol [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]